EagleBot: A Chatbot Based Multi-Tier Question Answering System for Retrieving Answers From Heterogeneous Sources Using BERT

This paper proposes to tackle Question Answering on a specific domain by developing a multi-tier system using three different types of data storage for storing answers. For testing our system on University domain we have used extracted data from Georgia Southern University website. For the task of faster retrieval we have divided our answer data sources into three distinct types and utilized Dialogflow\u27s Natural Language Understanding engine for route selection. We compared different word and sentence embedding techniques for making a semantic question search engine and BERT sentence embedding gave us the best result and for extracting answer from a large collection of documents we also achieved the highest accuracy using the BERT-base model. Besides trying with the BERT-base model we also achieved competitive accuracy by using BERT embedding on paragraph splitted documents. We have also been able to accelerate the answer retrieval time by a huge percentage using pre-stored embedding

Muslim Separatism, Partition, and the Dynamics of Hindu-Muslim Unity and Disunity in 1920s-1940s India: A Historical Analysis

This study examines Hindu-Muslim relations in 1920s-1940s India, focusing on factors that influenced unity and disunity between the communities. It explores the impact of the Khilafat Movement, the rejection of the Nehru Report, and the British "divide and rule" policy on Hindu-Muslim relations and India's eventual partition. The Khilafat Movement, driven by concern for the Islamic caliphate during World War I, brought Hindus and Muslims together. Unity was seen in joint gatherings and Muslim abstention from cow slaughter. The Khilafat Committee raised concerns to the British, emphasizing shared interests and religious sensitivities. However, the Muslim community rejected the Nehru Report for not addressing their demands for separate electorates and adequate Muslim representation. This strained relations and hindered finding a solution. The Congress's inflexibility on these demands further worsened the situation. The British policy of "divide and rule" exacerbated communal tensions. While aiming for a united India, their policy deepened Hindu-Muslim mistrust. The impact of the Simon Commission report and political negotiations on bridging or widening the communal divide is explored. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex factors influencing Hindu-Muslim unity and disunity. It sheds light on the significance of the Khilafat Movement, the rejection of the Nehru Report, and the British divide and rule policy in shaping India's path towards partition

Chemistry of Solvated Cations in Acetonitrile

The solution chemistry of solvated cations, [Fe(NCMe)6]2+, [Cu(NCMe)4]+, [Cu(NCMe)6]2+, [T1(NCMe)6]3+ and [I(NCMe)2]+, in acetonitrile is described in this thesis. The ligands used in this study are the simple N,P and S-donor species such as NH3, NMe3, pyridine(py), PMe3, P(OMe)3, Me2S and tetramethylthiourea(tmtu). Macrocyclic N-donor ligands such as 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane ([14]-aneN4) and 1,4,8,12-tetraazacyclopentadecane([15]-aneN4), are also used in some cases. A 205 T1 n.m.r. study of the T1 I salts having diamagnetic complex fluoroanions, PF6- and WF7-, in MeCN solution indicates a high field shift of the 205T1 n.m.r. resonances with an increase in salt concentration. The increase in the concentration of the T1 I salts with paramagnetic anions, MoF6 and UF6, on the other hand, results in a low field shift. The concentration dependent behaviour observed for 205T1 n.m.r. resonances in the T1 I salts, in MeCN indicates that some degree of ion-pairing is present in these solutions. The effect of paramagnetic anions on the 205 T1 resonances in the T1 I salts is far greater but their effect on T1 III is very small. It is suggested that T1 3+ is more effectively solvated by MeCN as compared with T1+ hence direct ion-pairing is less important. The 205T1 shielding of T1 I and T1 III is decreased respectively in the presence of T1 III and T1 I. Coordinated acetonitrile in the cation [Fe(NCMe)6]2+, is replaced readily by NH3 and pyridine (L) at room temperature to form [FeL6]2+ . Only one Me3N ligand is coordinated to Fe II under normal conditions to form [Fe(NMe3)(NCMe)5]2+. The reaction of [Fe(NCMe)6]2+ with tmtu in MeCN presumably results in the formation of [Fe(tmtu)6]2+ whereas no reaction is observed when Me2S is reacted with [Fe(NCMe)6]2+ The cation, [Fe(NMe3)(NCMe)5]2+, reacts with P(OMe)3 in MeCN solution forming [Fe(P(OMe)3}5(NMe3)]2+ as the final product. The reaction involves a stepwise substitution of P(OMe)3 for coordinated MeCN and is followed by 31P-{1H} n.m.r. spectroscopy. The formation of the first low spin species, cis and trans-[Fe{P(OMe)3}2- (NMe3)(NCMe)3]2+ is followed by stopped-flow spectrophotometry and confirmed by 31P-{1H} n.m.r. spectroscopy. The species, [Fe{P(OMe)3}2(NMe3)(NCMe)3]2+, on further substitution forms fac-[Fe{P(OMe)3}3(NMe3)(NCMe)2]2+. The formation of the final product, [Fe{P(OMe)3}5(NMe3)]2+, from fac-[Fe{P(OMe)3}3(NMe3) (NCMe)2]2+ occurs via the route in which the cation, trans-[Fe{P(OMe)3}4(NMe3)-(NCMe)]2+ is dominant whereas in the [FeL6]2+ (L= NCMe or py) and P(OMe)3 systems, the route involving the cation, cis-[Fe{P(OMe)3)4L2]2+ is important. The cations, [FeL6]2+, L = NCMe, py or NH3, and [Fe(NMe3) (NCMe)5]2+ react with PMe3 in MeCN at room temperature forming low spin iron(II) cations with three ligated PMe3 molecules. The dominant cations are the fac-(Fe(PMe3)3L3]2+ or fac[Fe(PMe3)3(NMe3) (NCMe)2]2+. The complexes having four ligated PMe3 molecules, cis-[Fe(PMe3)4L2]2+ or cis-[Fe(PMe3)4(NMe3)(NCMe)]2+ are present only in trace quantities. The replacement of nitrogen donor ligands by PMe3 at iron(II) in MeCN is very fast as compared with P(OMe)3. The reactions are complete within the time of mixing the reactants. The reaction of [Cu(NCMe)4]+ with Me2S or Me3N in MeCN does not result in the coordination of the ligand whereas the cations, [CuL4]+ L = PMe3 or tmtu, are formed when [Cu(NCMe)4]+ is reacted with PMe3 or tmtu. T1 IUF6. reacts with Me3N or Me3P(L) in MeCN solution forming insoluble T1 I salts, [TIL2][UF6]. Dimethyl sulphide on the other hand does not react with T1 I in MeCN solution. The cations, [Cu(NCMe)6]2+ and [T1(NCMe)6]3+, react with Me2S, Me3N, Me3P and tmtu, in MeCN solution undergoing redox reactions. Solvated Cu2+ and solvated T13+ cations in these redox reactions are reduced to the +1 oxidation state whereas the ligands are oxidised to the corresponding monomeric radical cations. The radical cations, Me2S+ or Me3N+ formed in the redox reactions involving Me2S or Me3N, combine with free ligands forming the dimeric radical cations, [Me2S-SMe2]+ or [Me3N-NMe3]+. The dimeric radical cations then lose methyl radicals, Me, forming the cations [Me2S-SMe]+ or [Me3N-NMe2]+. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)

Service recovery efforts' influence on consumers' desire to reciprocate and forgiveness: the mediating role of perceived justice

Purpose – This paper investigated the impact of firms’ service recovery efforts on consumers’ desire to reciprocate and forgiveness in the hospitality industry of Pakistan. Additionally, this study examined the mediating role of perceived justice between service recovery efforts and their outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – Using snowball sampling technique, an online survey was administered and 259 responses were collected from casual-dining restaurant customers. A partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) were used to examine the hypotheses. Findings – The results indicate that perceived justice significantly mediates the effect of service recovery efforts on the consumers’ desire to reciprocate and forgiveness. Moreover, high (vs. low) service recovery efforts lead to high consumer forgiveness. Practical implications – The study provides insights for managers on how optimal recovery efforts predict consumers’ positive responses and minimize the effect of service failure in South Asian consumers. Originality/value – This research is among the early endeavors to examine consumers’ desire to reciprocate in service recovery context. Also, this is the first study to validate the impact of service recovery efforts on consumers’ desire to reciprocate and consumer forgiveness in a South Asian country. Keywords Desire to reciprocate, Perceived justice, Consumer forgiveness, Service recovery efforts, Casual-dining restaurants Paper type Research pape

Financial Liberalization And Demand For Money: A Case of Pakistan

Literature in economics has identified many channels through which the financial liberalization may affect demand for money. There are evidences of stability as well as instability of demand for money due to financial development for developing economies. The objective of the current study is to examine the effect of financial liberalization on demand for money in Pakistan, i.e. whether financial liberalization has affected the demand for money or not. The issue is important as stable demand for money function is a prerequisite for formulating and operating monetary policy. To achieve the objective JJ cointegration and auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) to the cointegration is employed to estimate the long-run equilibrium relationship between broad money M2 and composite financial liberalization index along with other determinants of demand for money like gross domestic product, real deposit rate and exchange rate. In order to assess the stability of the model, the parameter constancy tests, i.e. recursive residuals, CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests have been applied. The empirical results indicated that for broad money, there exists long-run money demand function. The financial liberalization, gross domestic product and real deposit rate positively affect the demand for money in the long as well as short-run.Demand for money, Financial liberalization, Real deposit rate, Financial reforms, Pakistan, ARDL

Friendly Fire: Wheat Subsidy in Punjab, Pakistan

During the past decade every year the Punjab government has faced an awkward situation at wheat harvest. It must buy millions of tons of wheat at an above-market price despite massive carry-forward stocks already lying in its granaries. Cost of procuring such huge quantities and subsidising sales to flour mills is enormous and is met with commercial borrowing. In recent years, the government has struggled to balance its accounts for wheat operations; its outstanding liability to commercial banks stood at Rs. 444.7 billion in June 2018, viz. 22 percent of the total budget of the province in 2017-18. Clearly, the government procures more wheat annually than it needs with borrowed money that it cannot pay back. Ostensibly, wheat procurement aims to benefit small farmers, but its procedures exclude, rather than include them. Conversely, consumers end up buying expensive wheat-flour. A significant beneficiary of the procurement regime appears to be commercial banks finance the procurement and earn interest thereupon. Keywords: Food Subsidy, Wheat Procurement, Subsidy Refor

Determinants of Customer Perception Regarding Purchase of Counterfeit Garments, Evidence from Rahim Yar Khan Region(Pakistan).

There are lots of reasons to purchase counterfeits in this world. People purchase counterfeits due to its low price, to seek social status, due to their low income etc. The sale of counterfeits has a great effect on any country’s economy and it also damages the intellectual property rights. So the research in this matter is a dire need in market. Several Research Studies in the world have discussed reasons of buying counterfeits in different regions. This research paper aims to understand the determinants of customer perception regarding purchase of counterfeit garments in Rahim Yar Khan Region. This paper tries to analyze whether these determinants are one of the reasons of buying counterfeits. A sample of 200 respondents was collected from the population. The collected data after being coded were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social sciences Research (SPSS) and various statistical tests were applied based on hypotheses and matching variables. Keywords: Determinants of counterfeits, Purchase Intention towards counterfeits, Counterfeit product purchas

Export potential of cottage industry: a case study of Sialkot (Pakistan)

Sialkot, the export city of Pakistan is earning $900 million per annum by exports. The major exports are the sports goods, surgical instruments, leather products, martial art instruments, musical instruments and sports wear. All these products are value-added by cottage industry. How the export potential of cottage industry in Sialkot may be increased,that is the question. The current paper estimated the export potential of the cottage industry by measuring it through Cobb-Douglas production function. The data has been collected from 354 cottage industrial units selected by random sampling. The results explain that labor, capital, experience and education of entrepreneur, and working conditions enhance the export potential of the units. The labor is more used in cottage industrial units as compared to capital so the elasticity of export production with respect to labor is higher as compared to capital. The football making units and other sports goods producing units use a minor ratio of capital and largely depend upon labor for production. Although leather and surgical producing units use higher ratio of capital in production. The education and experience of the entrepreneur also lead to increased export production. The better working condition increases the export production by raising the productivity of labor. The study proposes the education and training of the individuals involved in cottage industry and provision of good working conditions by the Export Promotion Bureau, Sialkot Chamber of Commerce and Industry and vocational training institutes in their respective areas. The surprising results of the study are that credit availed by the units decrease the export production while distance to market from the unit raises the export production. The relationship between credit and export production explains the misutilization of credit while positive association between distance to market and export production explains the involvement of more number of household members in production in the units away from city as compared to the units situated near to market or city. The misutilization of loaning is needed to be checked.Cottage industry, Pakistan, Exports, Cobb-Douglas production function, Sialkot

Impact of Foreign Direct Investment and Exports on Economic Growth of Pakistan

In this study, by means of instance succession exploration we observed impact of foreign direct investment, exports and exchange rate on economy intensification of Pakistan. Information were collected from IMF  ,World Bank range figures since 1990 to 2010. We used four variables for this purpose like GDP; it is dependent variable and independent variables similar to Foreign Direct Investment, export and Exchange Rate. By using technique ofOLS and Unit Root Test, thepositive relationship sends abroad and foreign direct investment on GDP. The study conduct aims to analyze benefit of FDI in Pakistan. The objective of FDI is to earn maximum profit and show in form of administrative skills, superior knowledge, improved an employment opportunities, add to in government returns and cause decrease unemployment of country. Remittance inflows in 2004-05 reach US$ 1524 million as maximum if compared last three year in country. This finds FDI in Pakistan more appropriate areas are energy sector, IT and telecommunication, value additional material .Management of Pakistan responsive to significance FDI and results show that is important effect of export and FDI on an economy growth of Pakistan. Keywords:GDP, FDI, Exports, Exchange rate