Distribution of freshwater turtles in Punjab, Pakistan

A total of 3528 specimens of freshwater turtles belonging to two families viz., Geoemydidae (brown river turtle, Kachuga smithi; Indian saw-backed turtle, K. tecta; Brahminy river turtle, Hardella thurgi; spotted pond turtle, Geoclemys hamiltonii) and Trionychidae (Indian soft-shell turtle, Aspederates gangeticus; peacock soft-shell turtle, A. hurum; narrow-headed soft-shell turtle, Chitra indica; Indian flap-shell turtle, Lissemys punciata) were identified. Kachuga smithi (43.62%) and K. tecta (42.06%) had abundant population status, whereas, Hardella thurgi (0.88%) and Chitra indica (0.54%) were rare. Capturing of turtles for supply to foreigners and export is a major threat to these animals. Fishermen also kill them during fishing. Canal closure and de-silting is also harmful to turtles. It is concluded that it is necessary to provide immediate legal protection/coverage to all turtle species under the Punjab Wildlife Act, 1974, Pakistan; otherwise turtle species will become extinct

Sources of banking sector development: Case of Pakistan

This study intends to examine the sources of banking sector development of Pakistan, using capital formation, interest rate, trade deficit, general price level, and remittances as the proposed indicators. There is a lack of studies that investigate the impact of investment and trade deficit on the development of the banking sector. The empirical data for the study is taken from World Development Indicators for 38 years. For reliable estimates, the ARDL cointegration technique has been used to estimate the long-run determinants of the development of the banking sector and financial inclusion. Domestic credit to the private sector has been used as a proxy for the banking sector development because of its market orientation. The results show that an increase in the investment, imports, and general price level leads to an increase in the provision of domestic credit which leads to banking sector development

A short report on epidemiological investigation of dog bite cases in association with temperature rise as a part of climate change

Background: Rabies is a neglected disease that claims more than 5000 human’s deaths in Pakistan that account for 10% global load of rabies related deaths annually. Dogs are major carriers for this zoonotic ailment in the country. Global climatic changes, especially rise in temperature, is altering ecological niche of reservoir of infectious diseases. Pakistan is among those countries which are most effected by the temperature rise. This rise has a relation in increase in dog bites and subsequent rabies cases to develop.Methods: Passive data of dog bite cases is acquired from Institute of Public health and were examined for 12 consecutive months. Data analyzed by SPSS software for frequency distribution of dog bite cases in comparison with different months of the year.Results: Data analysis indicate a positive correlation between temperature rise and dog bites rates. This study found prevalence of 2.56% dog bite cases and seasonality in dog bites.Conclusion: These finding recommend further study to investigate other factors involved in increase of dog bite cases in high temperature months of years.  In order to develop understanding the reasons of subsequent rabies cases associated with dog bites. Bats are the most sensitive mammals to high temperature and they migrate and even dye due to hike in temperature, which later may become source of various zoonotic diseases including rabies. Carnivorous bats are believed to be primary reservoir for rabies worldwide but Pakistan do not have this bat specie (Desmodus rotundus). However, increase in dog bite and rabies cases with every year suggest to monitor Indian fruit bat (Pteropus giganteus) which are prevalent in Pakistan.  Ecological Niche Model (ENM) should be used for bats to determine their role in rabies ecology in Pakistan.Keywords: Rabies; Dog bites; Climate shift; Disease ecology; Pteropus giganteu

Soft Tissue Tumours with Epithelioid Morphoogy

 To study the morphologicalfindings of soft tissue sarcomas with epithelioidmorphology and their distribution with respect tothe age, gender and location

To Determine Mean Change In Weight Of Patients Undergoing Maxillomandibular Fixation

Abstract Objective: Optimum management of patient needs is the most important step for the restoration of form and function. Maxillomandibular fixation is one of the treatment modalities used very frequently in maxillofacial surgery. This study aims to determine the mean change in weight in patients undergoing Maxillomandibular Fixation. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Foundation University Medical College from 27th April 2018 to 22nd January 2019. This study included patients male and female, who presented with maxillofacial trauma, orthognathic surgery and procedures in which MMF ( Maxillomandibular fixation ) was indicated were included in this study. Pre-operative weight was measured in kilograms with an analogue weight machine and designated as W1. Patients were advised to a liquid diet and kept on follow-up. After four weeks of MMF again weight of the patient was measured and designated as W2. Follow-up was done through the patient's contact number. Results: In this study, the mean weight of patients preoperatively was 59.46±12.23 Kg. The postoperative mean weight of patients was 57.81±11.58 Kg. A decrease of 1.65 Kg was seen in the patient’s weight postoperatively.  No significant difference was seen for weight change in patients postoperatively with age, gender, educational status, occupational status, socioeconomic status and an indication of MMF. Conclusion: Results of this study showed weight loss in patients who underwent maxillomandibular fixation. This factor should be considered during the perioperative period to prevent postoperative complications, postoperative weight loss, and malnutrition of patients undergoing maxillomandibular surgery and reflect the need for guidance on diet postoperatively, mainly directed to frequency of feeding and high protein liquid diet and nutritional supplements.

Awareness of stroke among general Practitioners

Stroke is the 2nd leading cause of death and 3rd leading cause of disability after cancer and ischemic heart disease. The recognition of acute stroke symptoms and knowledge about timely and prompt referral of a patient for possible thrombolysis is a need of time for which general practitioners (as they have to be the first responders many a times across Pakistan) need to be equipped with the advance knowledge about stroke treatment

Comparative study to access coagulation abnormalities in breast cancer

Background: Coagulation abnormalities such as thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) are the major factors that play a major role in breast cancer. In this study, coagulation abnormalities were assessed in breast cancer patients to help the clinician in early detection of DIC and management of patients at different stages of breast cancer.Methods: 75 patients were enrolled in the study, 50 were from case group (breast cancer patients) and 25 were selected as control group subjects used to compare the results. All of these subjects undergone, General Hematological analysis i.e. differential leukocyte count hemoglobin, platelets count and total leukocyte count were performed on each of the samples collected from the subjects and Specific Hematological analysis i.e. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT), Fibrinogen Assay, Prothrombin Time (PT), D-Dimer Detection and Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs).Results: PT was found to be comparable in patients with breast cancer when compared with controls. Difference between control group (II) and subjects with breast cancer (I) was non-significant, fibrinogen level was found to be significantly increased (p < 0.01) in patients with different stages of breast cancer when compared with controls. FDPs were found to be significantly increased (p< 0.01) in patients of breast cancer when compared with control group. These increased levels of FDPs may be due to enhanced fibrinolysis. D-Dimers were also found to be significantly increased (p < 0.01) in patients with breast cancer when compared with controls.Conclusion: Patients with breast cancer were associated with compensated DIC state including normal PT and APTT level but increased fibrinogen and platelets count as compared to the controls. Detection of D-Dimers offers a differential analysis over other laboratory tests for DIC

Estimates of Farm Output Supply and Input Demand Elasticities: The Translog Profit Function Approach

The importance of estimating valid elasticities of farm output supply and input demand can hardly be overemphasised. Reliable estimates of these elasticities are sine qua non for predicting accurately the farmer responsiveness to changes in inputoutput prices and government taxes and thereby for formulating successful agricultural incentive programmes consistent with national requirements of food, development and exports. In fact, robust estimates of the coefficients of such elasticities can serve as a solid basis in determining effective policy relevant interventions for promoting production, equity, efficiency, and finally egalitarian income distribution in the farm sector of the economy. Farmer input factor demand and output supply elasticities have earlier been derived with direct or indirect application of the Cobb-Douglas production function to farm survey data [Lau and Yotopoulos (1971); Yotopoulos (1972); Yotopoulos, Lau and Lin (1976); Junankar (1980) and Sindhu and Baanannte (1981)]. The Cobb- Douglas production function is based on highly restricted assumptions such as the unitary elasticity of substitution, constant returns to scale and "a priori" imposition of separability restrictions.

PEPPERMINT OIL, ITS USEFUL, AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH: A REVIEW

Fundamental oil of Mentha piperita are perplexing blends detached from sweet-smelling plants which may have antimicrobial, cooling receptor trigger, pesticidal, anticancer, hack, asthma, and use in painkiller, exercises of enthusiasm for the sustenance and corrective enterprises just as in the human well-being field in pharmaceutical. According to the German Commission E monographs, peppermint oil is greatly employed as an antispasmodic in the stomach and intestine in bile channel and for the treatment of peevish entrails disorder, inflammation of the respiratory tract, and aggravation of the oral mucosa. Remotely, M. piperita has been employed for myalgia and neuralgia. As indicated by German Commission E, M. piperita may likewise go about as a carminative, disinfectant, and pectolytic, having soothing activity. Enteric-covered peppermint oil containers (Colpermin) are mostly employed as an orally controlled antispasmodic premedication in the study of large intestine

Polyneuropathy associated with iga Paraproteinemia: a case report and literature Review.

Paraproteinemia is precipitated by an accumulation of monoclonal plasma cells or B lymphocytes. Idiopathic neuropathies that are associated with paraproteinemia account for only 10% of the neuropathies. Paraprotein acts like an antibody and is targeted against myelin and axons present in the peripheral nerves. Despite being of interest for quite a long time, the caudal relationship between paraproteinemias and peripheral neuropathies still remains a sorcery. We report a case of a middle aged male who presented with pain and parasthesias in both arms and legs. His workup revealed him to be having a paraproteinemic neuropathy consistent with IgA Lambda chains that account for being the most rare type of monoclonal gammopathy than IgM or IgG having the potential to progress to smouldering multiple myeloma