In vitro Evolution and Engineering for Improved Ribozyme Polymerase Production

According to the "RNA World Hypothesis" the first self replicating molecule formed from the prebiotic chemicals is the ribozyme. A model compartmentalized self replicating system for ribozyme polymerases is designed and used to improve activity, fidelity and generality of the enzyme

An Empirical Examination of Relationship between Pareto Principle and Stages of Leadership at University Level Ayaz Muhammad Khan*

The leading purpose of the current paper was to explore the relationship between Pareto Principle and stages of Leadership Proposed by inordinate leadership expert J.C Maxwell. Through a multistage sampling technique, (N=213) dyads were chosen to support this empirical evidence to the theory. The paradigm of the study was positivism; quantitative method and survey design were used to collect data through two structured questionnaires Leadership level assessment questionnaire (for subordinates) and Pareto Principle questionnaire (for leaders). It was hypothesized that there was no significant relationship between the Pareto Principle and five levels of leadership proposed by Maxwell. The results of the current paper signposted that, “there was a significant relationship between the Pareto Principle and Five levels of leadership” Proposed by J.C. Maxwell. All the five stages were significantly correlated with the coefficient Pinnacle (r=.46), People Development (r=.37), Production (r=.41), Permission (r=.42), and Position (r=.46). Additional findings were reconnoitred that, People development level has literature support having relationship Pareto Principle with five levels of leadership

A Phenomenological Study of Education for Sustainable Development in Higher Education of Pakistan

Sustainable development in higher education is still at infancy stagewhile the aim was to train our youth to be sustainable leaders forensuring conservation of the environment, society and economy forfuture. The leading purpose of the paper was to unfold the situation offive universities for the level of embeddedness of education forsustainable development in preparing their students as sustainableleaders. The nature of the study was qualitative and phenomenologicalapproach through semi-structured interviews (validated by four expertsof related field) conducted from department heads of universities presentin Lahore. Three themes (along with sub exclusive functionalities of theuniversity) were noted during qualitative analysis of the collected data.The findings indicated various levels of embeddedness of education forsustainable development i.e. high, medium or low in the form of threepillars of sustainability (economic, social and environmental),in theuniversity education and research, university operations and externalcommunity

Some properties of meromorphic alpha-convex functions and its applications

The aim of the present paper is to obtain sufficient condition for the class of meromorphic alpha convex functions of order ζ and then to study mapping properties of an integral operator. Many known results apear as special consequences ofour wor

Performance Evaluation of Flexible Pavement Using Carbon Nanotubes and Plastic Waste as Admixtures

This paper investigates the properties of waste plastic film and carbon nanotubes modified asphalt mixes. The composed asphalt mixes have been evaluated for fatigue cracking and rutting. In this research, a total of 30 numbers of samples were prepared with different percentages of waste plastic films and carbon nanotubes from 0.1 to 0.4% and evaluated for dynamic stability and rutting using the wheel tracking machine. Results show that the addition of carbon nanotubes significantly increases the dynamic stability of asphalt and decreases the rutting up to a sufficient level as compared to plastic and conventional bitumen

Macroeconomic Effects of Global Food and Oil Price Shocks to the Pakistan Economy: A Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) Analysis.

This study examines the transmission channels through which the global food and oil price shocks affects selected macroeconomic variables including inflation rate, output, money balances, interest rate and real effective exchange rate for Pakistan using monthly data over the period 1990M1-2011M7. An empirical analysis is carried out by employing structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) framework. Generalised Impulse Response Functions and Generalised Forecast Variance Decompositions are employed to track the impact of oil and food price shocks to Pakistan‘s economy. Results suggest that oil price shock affects industrial production, appreciates real effective exchange rate negatively and affect inflation and interest rate positively. Whereas, following food price shocks, industrial output increases. Similarly, interest rate and inflation rate responds positively following food price shocks. However, the variation in interest rate due to food price shock is relatively larger than that of oil price shocks. Generalised impulse response functions reveal that real effective exchange rate is most important source of disturbances following either oil price or food price shocks. Generalised forecast variance decompositions analysis also supports the findings based on generalised impulse response functions. The result clearly reveals that oil and food price shocks significantly affect output, short-term interest rate, inflation rate and real effective exchange rate. However, among all, real effective exchange rate has seen a dominant source of variations in Pakistan. This implies that supply-side and demand-side disturbances originated by external shocks are the major sources of inflation (stagflation) in Pakistan. Keywords: Oil and Food Price Shocks, SVAR, GIRFs, GFEVDs, Pakista

Conceptual Content Analysis: Policy Documentation for the Quality of Higher Education in Pakistan

We are living in the age of quality competition, in marketing term, everything in the time is only alive until sustains its quality.  If something elapsing its quality is meant to ending its existence from the world gradually. The leading aim of the existing paper was to analyses the content related to quality and quality assurance process of higher education in Pakistan. The paradigm of the research was interpretive paradigm and content analysis with its conceptual design was used to conduct the study. Through purposive sampling, three documents were used as a sample of the study. This investigation was conducted under a developmental approach and various policy document along with the concerned bodies ‘were used to support the theme of this paper. Multiple sources were used for data analysis, membership categorization analysis for interviews data and keywords in context analysis for document analysis. It was concluded that quality means meeting the predetermined standards and six themes were noted during qualitative analysis

Foreign Aid—Blessing or Curse: Evidence from Pakistan

The role of foreign aid in promoting economic growth is a debatable issue and remains unsettled at both theoretical and empirical levels. Pakistan has received a substantial amount of foreign aid since its Independence in 1947 but little improvement has been observed in its socio-economic development. This study considers the question as to whether foreign aid is a blessing or a curse for Pakistan. The empirical analysis is based on the ARDL cointegration approach. We examine the aid-growth link at the aggregate and disaggregate levels for the period 1972-2006. The results show negative and insignificant effects of foreign aid on the growth at the aggregate as well at the disaggregate level. The findings further suggest that domestic investment, export growth, and inflows of foreign direct investment are important contributors in enhancing economic growth in Pakistan. JEL classification: C13, C22, F23, F35, O11 Keywords: Foreign Aid, Economic Growth, FDI, Cointegratio

Facebook Effect on Enhancement of English Learners’ Writing Approach at University Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Social Media plays a pivotal role in this modern technological era. Facebook is one of the most important tools of Social Media which is used by millions of users and most frequently visited web-site therefore, the present study was conducted to find out the effect of Facebook on enhancement of English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ writing approach at university level. Main objectives of the study were to find out Facebook effect on EFL learners’ writing approach at university level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The second one was that to compare Facebook based English learners with those learners who use traditional methods for writing skills development, and similarly, to compare the learning competencies/ abilities of both Facebook users and those users who use traditional methods for writing skills improvement. The study was guided by the following null hypothesis: Ho1.The first null hypothesis shows that there is no significant difference between the Mean Scores of experimental and control group on pre-test.Ho2: The second null hypothesis shows that there is no significant difference between the  Mean Scores of experimental and control groups on post-test 3: The third one is that there is no significant difference between the Mean scores of those students who use Facebook for writing skill and those who use traditional methods for writing skill development. In order to achieve the desired objectives the researcher randomly selected 20 students for this experimental study as a respondent, and then divided them according to their age, academic achievement and their intellectual level. An equivalent writing test, developed by the researcher was applied on the control and the experimental groups before the study started to ensure their equivalence; and was also used as a post-test. The result of this study showed that Facebook Keywords: (Using Facebook, University level EFL learners, Enhancement of Writing skills

Modelling Trade, Investment, Growth and Liberalisation: Case Study of Pakistan

The role of trade in economic development as an engine of economic growth has been at the centre of hot policy debates over the past four decades. History supports the success of import liberalisation policy in the United States of America (USA) in the 1940s, Japan in 1960s and the exports promotion achievements of Asian Tigers in the 1970s and 1980s [Yen (2009)].1 There is no doubt that increased movement of goods and services across international borders over the past few decades has helped developing countries to achieve faster and sustainable growth. Many researchers argued that free trade has a key ingredient in facilitating transfer of technology from developed to developing countries [Heokman and Javorcik (2006) and Harding and Javorcik (2012)]. Theoretical literature suggest that trade liberalisation enhances economic growth and development through the specialisation and technological developments. The theoretical link between international trade and economic development can be traced back to the earlier writings of Classical Economists (Adam Smith and David Ricardo) and Neoclassical Economists (Heckscher and Ohlin) in the early part of nineteenth century. The Classical Economists hypothesised that nations gain from trade, and World production would grow when trading nations specialise according to the principles of comparative advantage. On the other hand, the Neo-classical Economists argued that countries will tend to specialise in those products that use abundant resources intensively in the production process. As a consequence, factors prices will tend to equalise across trading nations if production technologies remain identical throughout the world (Stolper-Samuelson approach)