Solar array strip and a method for forming the same

A flexible solar array strip is formed by providing printed circuitry between flexible layers of a nonconductive material, depositing solder pads on the printed circuitry, and storing the resulting substrate on a drum from which it is then withdrawn and advanced along a linear path. Solderless solar cells are serially transported into engagement with the pads and are infrared radiation to melt the solder and attach the cells to the circuitry. Excess flux is cleaned from the solar cells which are then encapsulated in a protective coating. The resulting array is then wound on a drum

Method for forming a solar array strip

A flexible solar array strip is formed by a method which lends itself to automatic production techniques. Solder pads are deposited on printed circuitry deposited on a flexible structure. The resultant substrate is stored on a drum from which it is withdrawn and incrementally advanced along a linear path. Solderless solar cells are serially transported into engagement with the pads which are then heated in order to attach the cells to the circuitry. Excess flux is cleaned from the cells which are encapsulated in a protective coating. The resultant array is then spirally wound on a drum

Oxidative capacity of magmatic components

Oxidative capacity of magmatic component

Computation of incompressible, three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers and comparison with experiment

Incompressible three dimensional, turbulent boundary layer (3DTBL) experiments were simulated numerically by integrating the boundary layer equations together with an algebraic eddy viscosity turbulence model. For the flow treated, the downstream portion, where the crossflow was large, was not predicted with the present computational method; the flow was significantly influenced by elliptic flow field effects. Departures from the boundary layer concept are indicated. Calculations agreed reasonably well with the mean flow development up to separation. In one experiment the normal pressure gradients were found to be neligible in regions with large skewing and allowed testing turbulence models using the boundary layer equations. The simulation of this flow compared favorably with the experimental data throughout the flow field and suggested the applicability of algebraic eddy viscosity models for 3DTBLs

Real Estate Rental Growth Rates at Different Points in the Physical Market Cycle

Real estate markets go through both physical cycles (demand and supply) that affect rental growth rates and financial cycles (capital flows to real estate) that affect property Prices (Mueller, 1995). This study develops a rental growth rate hypothesis based on a market’s position in the physical (demand-supply) market cycle. Using data from fifty-four office and industrial markets in the United States over a thirty-year period, an aggregated national average rental growth rate was calculated for each point in the cycle. An ANOVA test for differences of means found that the national average rental growth rates at each point in the cycle were statistically different. The results show local demand and supply, which interact to affect occupancy, are major determinants in rental growth rates. This research should help investors move from using a single rental growth rate for multiple year forecasts, to using yearly cycle driven rental growth rate estimates in their discounted cash flow projections.

On the origin of surface states in a correlated local-moment film

The electronic quasiparticle structure of a ferromagnetic local moment film is investigated within the framework of the s-f model. For the special case of a single electron in an otherwise empty energy band being exchange coupled to a fully ordered localised spin system the problem can be solved exactly and, for the spin-down electron, some marked correlation effects can be found. We extend our model to incorporate the influence of the surface on the electronic structure. Therefore we modify the hopping integrals in the vicinity of the surface. This leads to the existence of surface states, both for the spin-up and the spin-down spectral density of states. The interplay between the modification of the hopping integrals and the existence of surface states and correlation effects is discussed in detail.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in European Physical Journal