Gender and the Great Recession: Changes in labour supply in Spain

The focus of this paper is on the different effects of the Great Recession on the decision of women and men to participate or not in the labour market. The literature on the effects of economic crises on labour supply by gender is analyzed. In the applied part of the paper we test the two different hypotheses: the added-worker effect (AWE), showing a countercyclical behaviour of labour supply that implies an increase in individual labour supply in response to transitory shocks in his/her partner\u2019s earnings, and the procyclical discouraged-worker effect (DWE). Given the deep effect of the Great Recession on the Spanish labour market, the empirical part of this paper will focus on the analysis of Spanish labour supply by gender. We have estimated labour supply models for individuals aged 25 to 54 living in couples with or without children by gender by using the EU-SILC 2007 and 2011 micro data for Spain. The results of our analysis show evidence of AWE, much more significant for women whose labour supply increases by 21% when their partner is unemployed against a 0.7% increase experienced by men married to unemployed women. A relevant AWE has also been detected for women if the partner works part-time and is therefore more likely to be underemployed. By comparing the labour supply behaviours before and after the crisis we can see that the discouraging effect connected to higher regional unemployment rates lost significance in 2011 leaving the AWE to dominate the labour supply decision during the crisis for couples

In vitro plant regeneration system for common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ): effect of N6-benzylaminopurine and adenine sulphate

A method for regeneration of the commercially important common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) using N6-benzylaminopurine(BAP) and adenine sulphate (AS) was established. Embryogenic axes of the Costa Rican common bean cultivars Bribr\ued, Brunca, Guaym\ued, Huetar and Telire were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 100 mgl-1 myo-inositol, 1 mgl-1 thiamine, 30 gl-1 sucrose, BAP (0, 5 and 10 mgl-1), AS (0, 20 and 40 mgl-1) and 8 gl-1 agar. Regardless of the concentration of BAP and AS in the induction medium, the number of shoots and leaves differed significantly among the common bean cultivars evaluated. The higher average of shoots was obtained for Brunca > Telire > Bribr\ued > Guaym\ued > Huetar. Moreover, independently of the cultivar, the induction medium supplemented with 5 mgl-1 BAP and 20 or 40 mgl-1 AS resulted in the higher average of shoots formation. Culture of Bribr\ued, Brunca, Guaym\ued, Huetar and Telire embryogenic axes on induction medium supplemented with different BAP and AS resulted in a differential response. Successful acclimatization of common bean in vitro plants were achieved in the greenhouse, and plants appeared morphologically normal. The regeneration system developed in this investigation for this important crop could be a useful tool for the genetic modification through mutagenesis or genetic transformation

Sustainable Management Of Natural Forests In Pantanal Region, Brazil

A regi\ue3o do Pantanal no Brasil apresenta uma \ue1rea de cerca de 140.000 km2, com aproximadamente 30 % de florestas naturais, distribu\ueddas como florestas dec\uedduas, semidec\uedduas e savanas florestadas. A subregi\ue3o da Nhecol\ue2ndia representa 19 % dessa \ue1rea. Existe uma preocupa\ue7\ue3o constante em rela\ue7\ue3o a sustentabilidade dessas florestas, pois a demanda de madeira para manuten\ue7\ue3o das propriedades \ue9 constante, principalmente para moir\uf5es de cerca. O objetivo desse artigo \ue9 indicar pr\ue1ticas de manejo florestal sustent\ue1vel para a regi\ue3o da Nhecol\ue2ndia. A metodologia dessa primeira abordagem desse tema consistiu na recupera\ue7\ue3o e organiza\ue7\ue3o da informa\ue7\ue3o dispon\uedvel e no c\ue1lculo da taxa de corte sustent\ue1vel por hectare, considerando o ciclo de corte, o estoque de madeira, o incremento peri\uf3dico anual (IPA), em volume percentual, das esp\ue9cies comerciais ou de interesse, e a estrutura do talh\ue3o. Para savanas florestadas, o di\ue2metro a altura do peito (DAP) de 529 \ue1rvores por hectare foram estimados como segue: DAP menor que 10 cm (28 %), de 10 a 20 (36 %), de 20 a 30 (21 %), de 30 a 40 (10 %), e apenas 4 % acima de 40 cm. O volume total estimado por hectare foi 84,2 m3 e a \ue1rea basal estimada foi 18,6 m2. As \ue1reas florestadas da regi\ue3o do Pantanal apresentam potencial para o uso sustent\ue1vel. Entretanto, devido as caracter\uedsticas da regi\ue3o e a falta de informa\ue7\ue3o dispon\uedvel, recomenda-se que pesquisas sejam incrementadas para se estabelecer um plano de uso que garanta a sua perpetua\ue7\ue3o para gera\ue7\uf5es futuras.The Pantanal region in Brazil has an area of 140,000 km2, with approximately 30 % of natural forests distributed as deciduous, semideciduous, and forested savannas. The subregion of Nhecolandia represents 19 % of this area. There is constant concern about the sustainability of these forested areas, as there is a constant demand for wood for farm maintenance, mainly for making fence poles. The objective of this article is to indicate sustainable forest management practices in the Pantanal region of Nhecolandia. The methodology of this novel approach consisted of the recovery and organization of the available information to calculate the sustainable allowable cut per hectare, considering: cutting cycle, wood stock, periodic annual increment (PAI) in percentage of volume from the commercial or interesting species and the stand structure. For forested savannas, the diameter at breast height (DBH) of 529 trees per hectare were estimated as follows: 28 % with a DBH lower than 10 cm, 36 % from 10 to 20 cm, 21 % from 20 to 30 cm, 10 % from 30 to 40 cm and only 4 % greater than 40 cm. The estimated total volume per hectare was 84.2 m3 and the estimated basal area was 18.6 m2. The forested areas of the Pantanal region present potential for sustainable use. However, due to regional characteristics and the lack of available information, an enhancement in research is recommended to establish a basic management guide to ensure its perpetuation for future generations

DETERMINATION OF THE THINNING PERIOD BY DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS IN UNMANAGED STAND OF Ocotea porosa

Plantios comerciais de Ocotea porosa dispon\uedveis para estudo s\ue3o raros e por esse motivo devem ser usados como fonte de informa\ue7\ue3o para se estabelecer o potencial de manejo da esp\ue9cie. A recupera\ue7\ue3o do hist\uf3rico do crescimento desses povoamentos para estrutura\ue7\ue3o dos planos de manejo \ue9 poss\uedvel com o uso da t\ue9cnica da dendrocronologia e a an\ue1lise de dados dendrom\ue9tricos e morfom\ue9tricos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi utilizar ferramentas de an\ue1lise de povoamentos florestais aliadas aos estudos dendrocronol\uf3gicos, para recuperar e sistematizar o desenvolvimento de povoamento n\ue3o manejado. O trabalho foi conduzido em um povoamento n\ue3o manejado de imbuia, com 44 anos, em Rio Negro - PR, na Esta\ue7\ue3o Experimental da UFPR. Infer\ueancias do crescimento recuperado por dendrocronologia, e competi\ue7\ue3o pela aplica\ue7\ue3o de metodologias como \uedndice de abrang\ueancia e de proje\ue7\ue3o de copa mostraram resultados compat\uedveis na an\ue1lise do povoamento, indicando necessidade de primeiro desbaste pr\uf3ximo aos 12 anos. Em fun\ue7\ue3o do pequeno n\ufamero de \ue1rvores amostradas, os resultados n\ue3o permitem generaliza\ue7\uf5es definitivas, entretanto, s\ue3o consistentes para estabelecer um protocolo para an\ue1lise de povoamentos n\ue3o manejados de Ocotea porosa, assim como de outras esp\ue9cies.Commercial plantations of Ocotea porosa available for studying are scarce and therefore should be used as a source of information to establish the potential for management of the species in plantations, even if these evaluations were not been held along the stand development. The recovery of the historical growth of these stands to optimize the management plans is possible by dendrochronology and by the analysis of morphometric and dendrometric data. The aim of this study was to use stand analysis tools, combined with the dendrochronological studies, to recover and to systematize the development of unmanaged stands. The study was conducted in an unmanaged stand of Ocotea porosa, with with 44 years of age in Rio Negro, PR state, in a UFPR research station. Growth inferences recovered by dendrochronology and the competition by the application of methodologies such as rate of coverage and crown cover rate showed consistent results in the analysis of population, indicating the need for a first thinning near 12 years old. Due to the small number of sampled trees, the results do not allow any definitive generalization. However, they are consistent to establish an analysis protocol for unmanaged stands of Ocotea porosa or other species

Power grid integration and use-case study of acid-base flow battery technology

There are many different types of energy storage systems (ESS) available and the functionality that they can provide is extensive. However, each of these solutions come with their own set of drawbacks. The acid-base flow battery (ABFB) technology aims to provide a route to a cheap, clean and safe ESS by means of providing a new kind of energy storage technology based on reversible dissociation of water via bipolar electrodialysis. First, the main characteristics of the ABFB technology are described briefly to highlight its main advantages and drawbacks and define the most-competitive use-case scenarios in which the technology could be applied, as well as analyze the particular characteristics which must be considered in the process of designing the power converter to be used for the interface with the electrical network. As a result, based on the use-cases defined, the ESS main specifications are going to be identified, pointing out the best power converter configuration alternatives. Finally, an application example is presented, showing an installation in the electrical network of Pantelleria (Italy) where a real pilot-scale prototype has been installed

MANEJO DA ESTRUTURA DIAM\uc9TRICA REMANESCENTE DE FLORESTAS TROPICAIS

O incremento de uma floresta sob uma explora\ue7\ue3o madeireira depende n\ue3o apenas do ritmo de crescimento das esp\ue9cies como tamb\ue9m da distribui\ue7\ue3o diam\ue9trica remanescente que dever\ue1 permanecer p\uf3s corte. O trabalho avaliou, mediante simula\ue7\ue3o, a estrutura diam\ue9trica remanescente de um talh\ue3o de floresta ombr\uf3fila no estado do Amazonas, visando \ue0 garantia de ter incremento que recupere a extra\ue7\ue3o. A simula\ue7\ue3o do crescimento da floresta p\uf3s-explora\ue7\ue3o, respeitando a taxa calculada e a estrutura, permitiram um incremento que pode recuperar o volume comercial inicial durante o ciclo considerado (25 anos). Observouse nas simula\ue7\uf5es que a remo\ue7\ue3o de todo volume comercial dispon\uedvel das esp\ue9cies estudadas impede a recupera\ue7\ue3o da floresta no ciclo considerado. Observou-se tamb\ue9m que as classes diam\ue9tricas comerciais remanescentes (acima do centro de classe de 45 cm) s\ue3o respons\ue1veis por 81 % do incremento necess\ue1rio para recupera\ue7\ue3o do volume comercial removido. Identificou-se um ponto \uf3timo de classe di\ue2metro a ser mantida na floresta, acima do qual o retorno do volume comercial \ue9 nulo. O ponto crucial da recupera\ue7\ue3o do volume extra\ueddo \ue9 o potencial de incremento da estrutura que deve permanecer no compartimento.The increment of a tropical forest under logging depends not only on the growth rate but also on the residual diameter structure of the forest. It was estimated the residual diametric structure to guarantee the necessary increment to recover the logged timber volume in a compartment of tropical forest in the state of Amazonas, in Brazil. The simulation of forest growth rate calculated after cutting when observing calculated tax and structure resulted in an increment that can recover the initial commercial volume during the cycle under consideration. It was observed in simulations that if the total commercial volume is removed in the beginning of the first logging cycle the forest will not recover the timber volume under the cycle in question. It was observed that approximately 81 % of the increment that is necessary to recover the volume logged was originated in the commercial residual classes (above 45 cm of diameter center class). It was identified an optimal class of diameter to be kept in the forest, above which the timber volume return is null. The most important to be considered in the volume recover is the increment potential of the forest structure that must remain in the compartment

Predictors of choice of initial antifungal treatment in intraabdominal candidiasis

Intraabdominal candidiasis (IAC) is the second most frequent form of invasive candidiasis, and is associated with high mortality rates. This study aims to identify current practices in initial antifungal treatment (IAT) in a real-world scenario and to define the predictors of the choice of echinocandins or azoles in IAC episodes. Secondary analysis was performed of a multinational retrospective cohort at 13 teaching hospitals in four countries (Italy, Greece, Spain and Brazil), over a 3-year period (2011\u20132013). IAC was identified in 481 patients, 323 of whom received antifungal therapy (classified as the treatment group). After excluding 13 patients given amphotericin B, the treatment group was further divided into the echinocandin group (209 patients; 64.7%) and the azole group (101 patients; 32.3%). Median APACHE II scores were significantly higher in the echinocandin group (p 0.013), but IAT did not differ significantly with regard to the Candida species involved. Logistic multivariate stepwise regression analysis, adjusted for centre effect, identified septic shock (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.54), APACHE II > 15 (aOR 1.16) and presence in surgical ward at diagnosis (aOR 1.16) as the top three independent variables associated with an empirical echinocandin regimen. No differences in 30-day mortality were observed between groups. Echinocandin regimen was the first choice for IAT in patients with IAC. No statistical differences in mortality were observed between regimens, but echinocandins were administered to patients with more severe disease. Some disagreements were identified between current clinical guidelines and prescription of antifungals for IAC at the bedside, so further educational measures are required to optimize therapies

Suppression of charged particle production at large transverse momentum in central Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=2.76\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 2.76 TeV

Inclusive transverse momentum spectra of primary charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV have been measured by the ALICE Collaboration at the LHC. The data are presented for central and peripheral collisions, corresponding to 0-5% and 70-80% of the hadronic Pb-Pb cross section. The measured charged particle spectra in $|\eta|<0.8$ and $0.3 < p_T < 20$ GeV/$c$ are compared to the expectation in pp collisions at the same $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$, scaled by the number of underlying nucleon-nucleon collisions. The comparison is expressed in terms of the nuclear modification factor $R_{\rm AA}$. The result indicates only weak medium effects ($R_{\rm AA} \approx$ 0.7) in peripheral collisions. In central collisions, $R_{\rm AA}$ reaches a minimum of about 0.14 at $p_{\rm T}=6$-7GeV/$c$ and increases significantly at larger $p_{\rm T}$. The measured suppression of high-$p_{\rm T}$ particles is stronger than that observed at lower collision energies, indicating that a very dense medium is formed in central Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC.Comment: 15 pages, 5 captioned figures, 3 tables, authors from page 10, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/98

Two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations in central Pb-Pb collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 2.76 TeV

The first measurement of two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations in central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 2.76$ TeV at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. We observe a growing trend with energy now not only for the longitudinal and the outward but also for the sideward pion source radius. The pion homogeneity volume and the decoupling time are significantly larger than those measured at RHIC.Comment: 17 pages, 5 captioned figures, 1 table, authors from page 12, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/388

Sequencing of diverse mandarin, pummelo and orange genomes reveals complex history of admixture during citrus domestication

Cultivated citrus are selections from, or hybrids of, wild progenitor species whose identities and contributions to citrus domestication remain controversial. Here we sequence and compare citrus genomes-a high-quality reference haploid clementine genome and mandarin, pummelo, sweet-orange and sour-orange genomes-and show that cultivated types derive from two progenitor species. Although cultivated pummelos represent selections from one progenitor species, Citrus maxima, cultivated mandarins are introgressions of C. maxima into the ancestral mandarin species Citrus reticulata. The most widely cultivated citrus, sweet orange, is the offspring of previously admixed individuals, but sour orange is an F1 hybrid of pure C. maxima and C. reticulata parents, thus implying that wild mandarins were part of the early breeding germplasm. A Chinese wild 'mandarin' diverges substantially from C. reticulata, thus suggesting the possibility of other unrecognized wild citrus species. Understanding citrus phylogeny through genome analysis clarifies taxonomic relationships and facilitates sequence-directed genetic improvement