Effect of N Fertilizer Application on Growth and Yield of Inoculated Soybean

The paper studied the effects of different nitrogen rates (0, 30, 60, 90 kg N/ha) on the soybean cultivar Proteinka, inoculated with the NS-Nitragin microbial fertilizer. Trials were set up at Backi Petrovac on a soil with no previous history of soybean cultivation. Samples of plant material were taken twice, once at soybean flowering and once at maturity. At flowering, the largest mass and length of the above-ground plant parts were recorded in the treatment with 60 kg N/ha, while the largest nodule number, mass and N content were obtained with 30 kg N/ha. The largest pod, grain numbers and grain mass and N content were produced by the inoculated treatment with no N added, and chat was the treatment that produced the largest yield as well

Brojnost mikroorganizama u rizosferi lekovitih i aromatičnih biljnih vrsta u konvencionalnom i organskom sistemu proizvodnje

This study was aimed at comparing the abundance of microorganisms in the rhizosphere of four different medicinal and aromatic plant species (basil, mint, dill and marigold) grown under both conventional and organic management on the chernozem soil at the experimental field of Bački Petrovac (Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia). Two sampling terms (June 1 and July 18, 2012) were performed to collect samples for microbiological analyses. The microbial abundance was higher in organic than in conventional system while at the same time significant differences were obtained only with dill rhizosphere. The differences in number of microorganisms belonging to different groups relied upon both plant species and sampling term. Thus, in mint, the recorded number of azotobacters and fungi was significantly higher whereas the number of ammonifiers was significantly lower. The present results indicate that organic growing system affected the abundance of microorganisms in rhizosphere of species investigated, especially in the second term of sampling.Cilj istraživanja bio je da se uporedno ispita brojnost mikroorganizama u rizosferi četiri lekovite i aromatične biljne vrste (bosiljak, pitoma nana, mirođija i neven) koje su gajene na konvencionalan i organski način na zemljištu černozem na eksperimentalnom polju u Bačkom Petrovcu (Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad, Srbija). Uzorci za mikrobiološku analizu uzeti su u dva termina (1. jun i 18. jul 2012. godine). Brojnost mikroorganizama bila je veća u organskom sistemu u odnosu na konvencionalni, ali je značajna razlika zabeležena samo za rizosferu mirođije. Razlike u broju mikroorganizama koji pripadaju različitim grupama zavisile su kako od biljne vrste tako i od termina uzorkovanja. Tako je na primer kod pitome nane zabeležen visoko značajno veći broj azotobaktera i gljiva, dok je broj amonifikatora bio značajno manji. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da organski način gajenja više utiče na brojnost mikroorganizama u rizosferi ispitivanih vrsta, posebno u drugom terminu uzorkovanja

Population dynamics of Azotobacter chroococcum in sugarbeet rhizosphere depending on mineral nutrition

Population dynamics of Azotobacter chroococcum has been studied in the rhizosphere of a sugarbeet hybrid inoculated with Azotobacter strains 5, 8 and 14. Simultaneously we examined the effects of four levels of nitrogen fertilization (non-fertilized control, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N/ha) and the applications of manure and harvest residues. Samples were taken three times in May, July and October. The experiment included inoculated and non-inoculated variants at all four levels of fertilization, in five replicates

Effect of inoculation on azotobacter population size in sugarbeet rhizosphere depending on fertilization

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of inoculation on Azotobacter population size in dependence of fertilizer dose and fertilization method. Differences were registered in Azotobacter population size which depended on both, nitrogen dose and fertilization method. On average, the highest percentage of increase in Azotobacter population size in relation to the non-inoculated variant, was registered in the variant with nitrogen, liquid manure and harvest residues. The largest increase in Azotobacter population size was obtained in the inoculation variants

Rizobakterije koje promovišu biljni rast (PGPR)i njihov efekat na kukuruz

Free-living soil bacteria beneficial to plant growth are usually referred to as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), capable of promoting plant growth by colonizing the plant root. Application of PGPR to increase the yield is limited by variability among the results obtained in the laboratory, in greenhouse and field. Rhizobacteria that promote plant growth (PGPR) participate in interactions with plants (rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane, sugar beet, cotton) and significantly increase their vegetative growth and yield. Apart from Azotobacter and Azospirillum, PGPR also include Acetobacter, Azoarcus and several species of Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Pseudomonas). PGPR represent an alternative to plant growth enhancement chemicals.Bakterije koje žive slobodno u zemljištu a pozitivno utiču na rast biljaka najčešće se karakterišu kao bakterije koje pospešuju biljni rast - PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) a sposobne su da to čine time što koloniziraju koren biljaka. Primena PGPR za povećanje prinosa limitirana je varijabilnošću između rezultata dobijenih u laboratoriji, u staklari i u polju. Niz rizobakterija koje pospešuju biljni rast (PGPR) učestvuje u interakcijama sa biljkama (pirinač, pšenica, kukuruz, šećerna trska, šećerna repa, pamuk) i značajno povećava njihov vegetativni rast i prinos. U PGPR pored Azotobacter- a i Azospirillum-a svrstavaju se i Acetobacter, Azoarcus, te nekoliko vrsta Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas). PGPR predstavljaju alternativu upotrebi hemijskih sredstava za poboljšanje rasta biljaka

Possibility of achieving organic yields for medicinal and aromatic plants by biofertilization with azotobacter chroococcum

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of management practices and biofertilization on microbial activity in rhizosphere and yield of medicinal and aromatic plants. Field experiment was performed using four plant species: peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.), pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), and dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Treatments were arranged in a split-plot layout in four replicates using basic plots under conventional and organic management, and subplots with and without biofertilizer (Azotobacter chroococcum). Organic management positively affected the microbial number and activity. Biofertilization increased the total microbial number (13-21%), number of ammonifiers (13-60%), nitrogen-fixing bacteria (7-36%), actinomycetes (36-50%), fungi (60-100%), celluloly tic microorganisms (57-217%), dehydrogenase (28-52%) and beta-glucosidase activity (15-39%). The effects of management practices and biofertilization were highly significant for the yield of examined plants. The yields were higher on inoculated treatments both in conventional (5-26%) and organic (7-15%) growing system

Uticaj inokulacije sa Azotobacter chroococcumna mikroorganizme u rizosferi i prinos šećerne repe u organskoj proizvodnji

The effect on sugar beet yield parameters and microbiological soil sta­tus was studied using two techniques of sugar beet inoculation with strains of Azotobacter chroococcum. Cultivar 'Drena' was used in the study, and field trial was set under the conditions of organic farming system in Bački Petrovac. A mixture of three strains of Azotobacter chroococcum was used as microbial fertilizer. Inoculation was performed by: (A) incorporation of strains into soil before sowing; and (B) repeated incorporation of strains into soil two weeks after sowing. PGP characterization of the strains confirmed the ability of producing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from 12.63 μg ml-1 to 14.95 μg ml-1, nitrogen fixation, and P-solubilization. Positive effects on the number of azotobacter and free nitrogen fixers in rhizosphere were obtained by inoculation, as well as positive effects on the tested sugar beet yield parameters. The largest increase in root yield, yield of crystal sugar, and yield of polarised sugar compared with the control was obtained by repeated soil inoculation, ranging from 22 to 23%.Ispitan je efekat dva načina inokulacije šećerne repe sa sojevima Azotobacter chroococcum na parametre prinosa šećerne repe i mikrobiološki status zemljišta. U ispitivanjima je korišćena sorta Drena, a eksperiment je postavljen u sistemu organske proizvodnje u Bačkom Petrovcu. Kao mikrobiološko đubrivo korišćena je smeša tri soja Azotobacter chroococcum. Inokulacija je izvršena na dva načina: (A) inkorporacija sojeva u zemljište pre setve, (B) ponovljena inkorporacija sojeva u zemljište dve nedelje nakon setve. PGP karakterizacijom korišćenih sojeva utvrđena je sposobnost produkcije indol-3-sirćetne kiseline (IAA) od 12.63 μg ml-1do 14.95 μg ml-1, azotofiksacije i fosfosolubilizacije. Inokulacijom je dobijen pozitivan efekat na broj azotobaktera i slobodnih azotofiksatora u rizosferi, kao i na ispitivane parametre prinosa šećerne repe. Najveće povećanje prinosa korena, prinosa kristalnog i polarizacionog šećera dobijeno je na varijanti ponovljene inokulacije zemljišta i kretalo se od 22 do 23% u odnosu na kontrolnu varijantu

Mikroorganizmi u rizosferi - uloga i značaj u održivoj poljoprivredi

Rhizosphere is the zone around the plant root, including the root, the soil on the root and the surrounding soil that is influenced by the roots. Microorganisms that live in that complex habitat affect the health of plants and their yield. Knowledge of the composition and quantity of organic compounds that are released by roots provides insight into the chemical and biological processes that occur in the rhizosphere. Each plant species selects its own specific bacterial community from a reservoir of bacteria present in the soil or on the seed. Using natural resources in a sustainable microbial agricultural production is based on the multiplication of active species and strains of microorganisms in artificial conditions and returning in their natural environment - soil where these microorganisms intensify the appropriate processes, produce more plant nutrients, stimulate the growth of plants and protect them from pathogens and toxic substances. These microorganisms may partially or completely replace mineral fertilizers and pesticides.Dat je pregled biologije rizosfere, definicija rizosfere, značaj korenskih izlučevina, interakcija mikroorganizama, njihova dinamika u rizosferi sa posebnim naglaskom na bakterije. Istaknut je značaj korisnih mikroorganizama za održivu poljoprivrednu proizvodnju primenom biofertilizatora i rizobakterija promotora biljnog rasta (PGPR). Mikroorganizmi koji žive u kompleksnom staništu - rizosferi utiču na zdravlje biljaka, njihov prinos i kvalitet. Proučavanje rizosfere vodi do mnogih korisnih interakcija. Neki metaboliti mikroorganizama kao što su antibiotici i toksini su osnovni faktori u determinaciji interakcija biljka-mikroorganizam. Mikrobni enzimi takođe igraju značajnu ulogu. Odnosi između korena biljaka i mikroorganizama predmet su interesovanja molekularnih biologa, mikrobiologa i biohemičara širom sveta

Efekat PGPR sojeva na brojnost mikroorganizama u rizosferi kukuruza u poljskim uslovima

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) represent a wide variety of bacteria inhabiting the root surface and root vicinity. They are directly or indirectly involved in promoting plant growth and development via production and secretion of various regulatory compounds in the rhizosphere. PGPR are generally beneficial to a wide range of crops including maize. The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of PGPR strains on the microbial abundance in maize rhizosphere. The trial was conducted at Rimski Šančevi experimental field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia. The trial included five maize hybrids (NS 3014, NS 4015, NS 5043, NS 6010 and NS 6030) developed at the Institute and three treatments with microorganisms. Non-inoculated treatment was control. Inoculation was performed with Bacillus Q7, Pseudomonas PS2 and their mixture with Azotobacter chroococcum (Q7 + PS2 + AC). Application method was incorporation immediately before planting with liquid culture of strains (density 109 CFU/ml). It was observed that the certain treatment with rhizobacteria increased the number of all three studied microbial groups in the rhizosphere of the same hybrid. The best effect on the number of microorganisms in the rhizosphere of NS 6010 was achieved with Q7 + PS2 + AC, in NS 5043 with Q7 and with PS2 in NS 4015. The results obtained in this study indicate the importance of PGPR in crop production, which requires a constant expansion of knowledge about the mutual interactions of plants and microorganisms.Rizobakterije koje poboljšavaju rast biljaka (PGPR) predstavljaju širok spektar bakterija koje naseljavaju prostor oko/na površini korena. Direktno ili indirektno su uključene u ubrzanje rasta i razvoja biljaka putem proizvodnje i lučenja različitih regulatornih materija u rizosferu. PGPR su generalno korisne kod širokog spektra useva uključujući kukuruz. Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitivanje efekta PGPR sojeva na zastupljenost mikroorganizama u rizosferi. Ogled je postavljen na eksperimentalnoj parceli Rimski šančevi Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu i uključivao je pet hibrida kukuruza poreklom iz Instituta (NS 3014, NS 4015, NS 5043, NS 6010 i NS 6030); kontrolu (bez inokulacije) i tri tretmana bakterijama koje poboljšavaju rast biljaka. Inokulacija je izvršena sa Pseudomonas PS2, Bacillus Q7 i njihovom mešavinom sa Azotobacter chroococcum (Q7 + PS2 + AC). Sojevi su primenjeni inkorporacijom tečne kulture (gustine 109 CFU/ml) neposredno pre setve. Rezultati su pokazali da kod određenog hibrida određeni tretman rizobakterijama povoljno utiče na brojnost kod sve tri analizirane grupe mikroorganizama. Najpovoljniji efekat na broj mikroorganizama u rizosferi hibrida NS 6010 postignut je primenom tretmana Q7 + PS2 + AC, kod NS 5043 primenom Q7, a kod NS 4015 primenom PS2

Uticaj inokulacije i primene različitih doza azota na parametre azotofiksacije

From the point of view of agricultural production, nitrogen deficiency in the soil results in significant yield losses and yield quality reduction. Symbiotic fixation of atmospheric nitrogen plays a significant role in the supply of plants with nitrogen. Soybean (Glycine max. (L.) Merr.) is one of the most important legumes in Serbia and the world, most notably because of the outstanding chemical composition of its grain. The objective of this paper was to use nitrogen fixation parameters to determine the optimum amounts of mineral nitrogen needed when growing soybean using inoculation with the biofertilizer NS-Nitragin. A trial on a chernozem soil was set up at the Bački Petrovac experiment field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops using a randomized block design with four replicates. The soybean cultivar Balkan and four rates of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg N/ha) were used in the experiment. Each of the nitrogen treatments had two variations, with and without inoculation. Just before sowing, the seed was inoculated the soybean biofertilizer NS-Nitragin. The effects of inoculation and different nitrogen fertilizer rates on the effectiveness of symbiotic association were determined at soybean flowering based on the number of nodules formed on the root and the dry matter weight and nitrogen content of the above-ground plant parts, root, and nodules. On an average for all the fertilization treatments, the above-ground weight of the inoculated plants increased by 19% relative to the uninoculated treatments, while the nitrogen content increased by 23%. The nitrogen content of the root system in the inoculated treatments increased by 15% relative to uninoculated plants, and the root system was also more developed (11%) in the former than in the latter. The incorporation of 60 kg N/ha before sowing along with inoculation produced the greatest above-ground and root weights as well as the highest nitrogen content of the above-ground parts and root. Inoculation had a positive effect nodule number (205% increase), weight (59% increase), and nitrogen content (60% increase). Inoculation accompanied by a nitrogen rate of 30 kg/ha produced the best nodulation and the largest weight and highest nitrogen content of nodules.Sa stanovišta poljoprivredne proizvodnje, nedostatak azota u zemljištu značajno utiče na smanjenje prinosa i njegov kvalitet. U obezbeđivanju biljaka azotom značajnu ulogu ima simbiotska fiksacija atmosferskog azota. Soja (Glycine max. (L.) Merr.) je jedna od najznačajnijh leguminoza i u svetu i kod nas, pre svega zbog izuzetnog hemijskog sastava zrna. Cilj rada je bio da se preko parametara azotofiksacije utvrdi optimalna količina mineralnog azota u gajenju soje uz inokulaciju mikrobiološkim preparatom NS-Nitragin. Ogled je postavljen na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Bačkom Petrovcu, na zemljištu tipa černozem, po slučajnom blok sistemu u četiri ponavljanja. U eksperimentu je korišćena sorta soje Balkan, i primenjena su četiri različita nivo đubrenja azotom (kontrola, 30, 60, 90 kg N/ha). Ogled je postavljen u dve varijante, sa inokulacijom (NS-Nitragin za soju) i bez inokulacije. Uticaj inokulacije i različitih koncentracija primenjenih azotnih đubriva na efektivnost simbiotske zajednice određena je u fazi cvetanja soje preko broja formiranih kvržica na korenu, mase suve materije i sadržaja azota u nadzemnom delu biljke, korenu i kvržicama. U proseku za sve varijante đubernja masa nadzemnog dela inokulisanih biljaka povećana je za 19% u odnosu na neinokulisane, dok je sadržaj azota povećan za 23%. Rezultati istarživanja pokazali su da je u korenovom sistemu inokulisanih biljaka sadržaj azota bio veći (15%), a sam korenov sistem razvijeniji (11%) od biljaka koje nisu inokulisane. Predsetvenim unošenjem 60 kg N/ha i inokulacijom ostvarena je najveća masa nadzemnog dela biljke i korena, kao i najveći sadržaj azota u nadzemnom delu i korenu. Inokulacija je na svim ispitivanim varijantama đubrenja pozitivno uticala na broj (205%), masu (59%), ali i na sadržaj azota u kvržicama (60%). Inokulacijom soje i dodatkom mineralnog azota u količini 30 kg/ha ostvarena je najbolja nodulacija, najveća masa i sadržaj azota u kvržicama