Twice Binnable Color Filter Arrays

Pixel binning enables high speed, low power readout in low resolution modes, and more importantly, a reduction of read noise via floating diffusion binning. New, high resolution CMOS image sensors for mobile phones have moved beyond the once-binnable Quad Bayer and RGBW-Kodak patterns to the twice binnable Hexadeca Bayer pattern featuring 4x4 tiles of like colored pixels.Pixel binning enables high speed, low power readout in low resolution modes, and more importantly, a reduction of read noise via floating diffusion binning. New, high resolution CMOS image sensors for mobile phones have moved beyond the once-binnable Quad Bayer and RGBW-Kodak patterns to the twice binnable Hexadeca Bayer pattern featuring 4x4 tiles of like colored pixels. In this paper we present the non-intuitive result that Nona and Hexadeca Bayer can be superior to Quad Bayer in demosaicking quality due to degeneracies in the latter's spectrum. Hexadeca Bayer, nevertheless, suffers from the weakness of generating Quad Bayer after one round of binning. We present a novel twice binnable RGBW CFA, composed of 2x2 tiles capable of 4:1 floating diffusion binning, that is free from spectral degeneracies and thus demosaick well in full resolution and both binned modes. It also has a 4 dB low light SNR advantage over Quad and Hexadeca Bayer in the full resolution mode, and 6 dB SNR advantage in both the binned modes.Comment: 5 pages, 7 figures. Initial versio

Some Proposed Problems on Permutation Polynomials over Finite Fields

From the 19th century, the theory of permutation polynomial over finite fields, that are arose in the work of Hermite and Dickson, has drawn general attention. Permutation polynomials over finite fields are an active area of research due to their rising applications in mathematics and engineering. The last three decades has seen rapid progress on the research on permutation polynomials due to their diverse applications in cryptography, coding theory, finite geometry, combinatorics and many more areas of mathematics and engineering. For this reason, the study of permutation polynomials is important nowadays. In this chapter, we propose some new problems in connection to permutation polynomials over finite fields by the help of prime numbers

Lipid profile and its correlation with C-reactive protein in patients of acute myocardial infarction

Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, which results from occlusion of coronary artery. Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor of AMI. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein, synthesized by hepatocytes in response to cytokines released into circulation by activated leukocytes and has been found to increase after AMI. The objective of the present study is to investigate lipid profile in AMI patients and correlate it with inflammatory marker i.e. CRP.Methods: The present study includes 150 AMI patients and 100 normal healthy individuals as controls. In all the cases and controls, serum lipid profile and inflammatory marker were measured by diagnostic kits supplied by ERBA.Results: The levels of lipid profile and inflammatory marker were significantly altered in the AMI cases compared to controls. We found significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, TG, LDL, VLDL, CRP and lower level of HDL in AMI compared to that of control subjects. We also found strong positive correlation of CRP with total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C and VLDL-C and significant negative correlation with HDL-C in AMI patients.Conclusions: We found alterations in the lipid profile and inflammatory marker in AMI cases; hence, all the people should undergo regular check up including lipid profile evaluation and inflammatory marker such as CRP to decrease the incidence, morbidity and mortality from the disease

Bulk Disposal of Unserviceable Toxic Cresylic Acid Waste Using Polymerisation Technique

A bulk amount of unserviceable toxic cresylic acid waste has been disposed off in a safe and environmentally benign manner. A process to immobilize this waste into non-toxic solid cresol formaldehyde polymer has been developed. Initial study was performed for 1.0 Kg batch size for optimizing the process parameters and conditions, and on the basis of this data, process was scaled-up for bulk disposal (100 Kg / batch). The effect of ratio of reactants, type of catalyst [H2SO4, NaOH and Ca(OH)2], catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time have been studied in a batch process. Maximum immobilization in the 1.0 Kg batch studies was obtained when cresylic acid and formaldehyde were taken in a molar ratio 1 : 1.5 using NaOH as a catalyst. For bulk polymerization, a ratio of 1.0 : 1.2 (cresylic acid : formaldehyde) with NaOH {0.7 % (wt. / wt. of total charge)} was found optimum. The final polymerized product has been buried as per standard procedure in two brick lined pits and finally, the site has been declared as free from the toxic waste.Defence Science Journal, 2011, 61(5), pp.505-511, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.61.51

A new image encryption and decryption approach based on chaotic analog signal generator

In the last one and half decade, chaos has occurred as a new favorable candidate for network security because many chaos important features such as  very much sensitivity to initial conditions and ergodicity, are directly related with two basic properties of cipher texts: confusion and diffusion. In this paper a new image encryption and decryption method is proposed which is based on the chaotic signal generator and 2D baker maps. A 144 bit external secrete key acts as the input of the chaotic signal generator. Baker maps used for the confusion of the main input image after that XOR operation used in diffusion process. The proposed method is simulated using Matlab and the results are secure with all type of cryptanalytic tests and statistical analysis tests

Study on Child Mortality Determinants in EAG States and Assam

The universal assumption is, if there is improvement in status of society in terms of education, health, occupation and wealth, it generates reduction in child mortality. Study is considered for testing above assumption in perspective of EAG states and Assam. National Family Health Survey- III has been used to carry out for the study. Study data contains 22179 sampling units which is the number of children born reported within the 5 years. Different socio demographic variables selected as development indicators of society. Relative risk had been evaluated with help of Cox proportional hazard model to illustrate child mortality in reference of different social structure in scenario of EAG states and Assam

Rural out Migration at the Household Level

Migration is the least explored area of population change. The concept of migration involves a series of factors in terms of place of origin and destination, intervening obstacles and personal characteristics. The present paper investigates migration at household level using some statistical models. Which have been tested with the help of primary data collected by the authors in North-Eastern Bihar during the period of (2009-10)

Spatial Statistics Approach for Study of Infant Mortality in Uttar Pradesh, India

Programs can achieve the best results when they have there better coverage in approachable geographical regions. This paper is an attempt to find the high risk zones of infant mortality in Uttar Pradesh using spatial approaches. These zones might help to government to cover wide area to implement the programs related to infant mortality. The approaches are applied using National Family Health Survey-IV (2015-16) data for Uttar Pradesh