34 research outputs found
Exhaustive Photocatalytic Lindane Degradation by Combined Simulated Solar Light-Activated Nanocrystalline TiO2 and Inorganic Oxidants
Comparison Of Different Advanced Oxidation Processes Degrading P-Chlorophenol In Aqueous Solution
In present study, degradation of p-chlorophenol using several oxidation
systems involving advanced oxidation processes such as
ultraviolet/H2O2, microwave/H2O2 and both in the absence of hydrogen
peroxide in batch mode by photolytic pilot plant and modified domestic
microwave oven was evaluated. The oxidation rate was influenced by many
factors, such as the pH value, the amount of hydrogen peroxide,
irradiation time and microwave power. The optimum conditions obtained
for the best degradation rate were pH=7 and H2O2 concentration of 0.05
mol/L for ultraviolet/H2O2 system and pH=10.5, H2O2 concentration of
about 0.1 mol/L and microwave irradiation power of about 600W for
microwave/H2O2 system at constant p-chlorophenol concentration. The
degradation of p-chlorophenol by different types of oxidation processes
followed first order rate decay kinetics. The rate constants were
0.137, 0.012, 0.02 and 0.004/min1 for ultraviolet/H2O2, microwave/H2O2,
ultraviolet and microwave irradiation alone. Finally a comparison of
the specific energy consumption showed that ultraviolet/H2O2 process
reduced the energy consumption by at least 67% compared with the
microwave/H2O2 process
Effects Of 4-Chlorophenol Loadings On Acclimation Of Biomass With Optimized Fixed Time Sequencing Batch Reactor
Chlorinated phenols in many industrial effluents are usually difficult
to be removed by conventional biological treatment processes.
Performance of the aerobic sequencing batch reactor treating 4-
chlorophenol containing wastewater at different loadings rates from
0.0075 to 1.2 g4CP/L.d was evaluated. The sequencing batch reactor was
operated with fill, react, settle and decant phases in the order of
10:370:90:10 min, respectively, for a cycle time of 8 h at 10 days
solid retention time and 16 h hydraulic retention time in the stable
period. The effects of 4-chlorophenol loadings on the 4- chlorophenol
and chemical oxygen demand removal percents, yield coefficient (Y),
biomass variation and sludge volume index were investigated. High
chemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies (95±3.5%) and
approximately complete 4-chlorophenol removal (>99%) were observed
even in the absence of growth substrate. The degradation of
4-chlorophenol led to formation of 5-chloro-2-hydroxymuconic
semialdehyde, which was more oxidized, indicating complete
disappearance of 4-chlorophenol via metacleavage pathway. A compact
sludge with excellent settleability (sludge volume index=47±6.1
mL/g) developed during entire acclimation period. High removal
efficiencies with sequencing batch reactor may be due to enforced short
term unsteady state conditions coupled with periodic exposure of the
microorganisms to defined process conditions which facilitate the
required metabolic pathways for treating xenobiotics containing
wastewater
Feasibility of an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) In Treating Starch Industry Wastewater
The anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) includes a mixed anaerobic culture separated into compartments and a novel process with a series of vertical baffles at each compartment. It dose not require granulation for its operation, resulting in shorter start-up time. In this study, the feasibility of the ABR process was investigated for the treatment of wheat flour starch wastewater. Simple gravity settling was used to remove suspended solids from the starch wastewater and used as feed. Start-up of a reactor (13.5L with five compartments) using a diluted feed of approximately 4500 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD) was accomplished in about 9 weeks using seed sludge from the anaerobic digester of a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The reactor with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 72 h at 35°C and an initial organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.2 kgCOD/m3.d showed a removal efficiency of 61% COD. The best reactor performance was observed with an organic loading rate of 2.5 kgCOD/m3.d (or hydraulic retention time of 2.45 d) when a COD conversion of 67% was achieved. The main advantage of using an ABR comes from its compartmentalized structure. The first compartment of an ABR may act as a buffer zone to all toxic and inhibitory materials in the feed and, thus, allows the later compartments to be loaded with a relatively harmless, more uniform, and mostly acidified influent. In this respect, the later compartments would be more likely to support active populations of the relatively sensitive methanogenic bacteria
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF AN ANAEROBIC BAFFLED REACTOR TREATING WHEAT FLOUR STARCH INDUSTRY WASTEWATER
Feasibility of the anaerobic baffled reactor process was investigated
for the treatment of wheat flour starch wastewater. After removal of
suspended solids by simple gravity settling, starch wastewater was used
as a feed. Start-up of a reactor (with a volume of 13.5 L and five
compartments) with diluted feed of approximately 4500 mg/L chemical
oxygen demand was accomplished in about 9 weeks using seed sludge from
anaerobic digester of municipal wastewater treatment plant. The reactor
with hydraulic retention time of 72h at 35°C and initial organic
loading rate of 1.2 kgCOD/m3.d showed 61% COD removal efficiency. The
best performance of reactor was observed with an organic loading rate
of 2.5 kgCOD/m3.d or hydraulic retention time of 2.45 d and the COD
conversion of 67% was achieved. The system also showed very high solids
retention with effluent suspended solids concentration of about 50 mg/L
for most organic and hydraulic loadings studied. Based on these
observations, the ABR process has potential to treat food industrial
wastewater as a pretreatment and is applicable for extreme
environmental conditions
Innovative anaerobic upflow sludge blanket filtration combined bioreactor for nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater
In this research, a novel laboratory scale anaerobic/upflow sludge
blanket filtration combined bioreactor was designed and operated to
improve the efficiency of the upflow sludge blanket filtration process
for the simultaneous removal of phosphorus and nitrogen from
wastewater. The anaerobic/upflow sludge blanket filtration technique
was developed by adding an anaerobic reactor to its influent and
operated by varying the main process parameters in order to gain the
optimum conditions. The results showed that biological removal
efficiency of nitrogen and preservation of sludge blanket strongly
depend on wastewater characteristics, hydraulic retention time, sludge
age and process controlling parameters. The combined bioreactor
performed a total nitrogen removal efficiency of 96.6 % with the sludge
age of 25 days, total hydraulic retention time of 24 h and optimum
"chemical oxygen demand/nitrogen/phosphorus" ratio of 100/5/1. This
ratio also improved the compaction quality of sludge blanket in the
upflow sludge blanket filtration clarifier. The average specific
nitrification and denitrification rates occurred during the process can
be expressed as 4.43 mg NOx-N produced/g VSS.d and 5.50 mg NOx-N
removed/g VSS.d at the optimum ratio, respectively. To avoid sludge
rising due to denitrification process, the optimum total hydraulic
retention time of 16 to 24 h was achieved based on the effluent
quality. This study suggested that the anaerobic/upflow sludge blanket
filtration bioreactor at the optimum operational conditions can be an
effective process for removal of nutrients from municipal wastewater
The assessment of suture spacing on the esthetic and functional outcomes of skin closures in different age groups
Abstract Background and Aims Dermatological surgeons must master the factors affecting wound healing. Suturing is the most common method of wound closure. One of the significant factors in suturing that affects wound healing and cosmetic results is the distance between sutures, which has been studied very little to date. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of simple interrupted suture with a distance of 2 and 5 mm on the esthetic and functional results of suture closure in different age groups. Methods In patients with two skin lesions, one wound was sutured with a distance of 2 mm and the other with a distance of 5 mm, and the wounds were evaluated 1 and 3 months after the operation using the POSAS scale. Results Patients' opinions indicate that, in the suture intervals of 2‐ and 5‐mm and at 1 and 3 months, the average was lower in the younger group than it was in the older group and also, as per the physician's opinion, the average in the age group under 50 years was significantly lower than that in the age group over 50 years. Conclusions According to the results of the present study, a suture of 2‐mm and a suture of 5‐mm would result in different esthetic and functional outcomes depending on the patient's age. The average in the age group less than 50 years was significantly lower than that of the age group greater than 50 years
Detection Of Phenol Degrading Bacteria And Pseudomonas putida In Activated Sludge By Polymerase Chain Reaction
Phenol is one of the organic pollutants in various industrial
wastewaters especially petrochemical and oil refining. Biological
treatment is one of the considerable choices for removing of phenol
present in these wastewaters. Identification of effective microbial
species is considered as one of the important priorities for production
of the biomass in order to achieve desirable kinetic of biological
reactions. Basic purpose of this research is identification of
phenol-degrading Pseudomonas Putida in activated sludge by polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) that has high speed and specificity. In this
research, 10 various colonies of phenol-degrading bacteria were
isolated from municipal activated sludge and the rate of phenol removal
and growth rate of these bacteria were assessed in different
concentrations of phenol (200 – 900 mg/L). Confirmation of the
largest subunit of multicomponent phenol hydroxylase (LmPH) gene and
gene coding the N fragment in Pseudomonas Putida-derived methyl phenol
operon (DmpN gene) through PCR were used for general identification of
phenol-degrading bacteria and Pseudomonas Putida, respectively.
Presence of a 600 bp (base pairs) bond in all of isolated strains
indicated that they contain phenol hydroxylase gene. 6 of 10 isolated
bacteria were Pseudomonas Putida because they produced a 199 bp PCR
product by DmpN primers. According to PCR results in this study, the
best phenol-degrading bacteria that can utilize 500 – 600 mg/L
phenol completely after 48 hours incubation, belong to Pseudomonas
Putida strains. It is clear that use of isolated bacteria can lead to
considerable decrease of treatment time as well as promotion of phenol
removal rate