Impactos das Diferentes Formas de Mensuração da Pobreza nas Variações do Índice de Bem-Estar Pessoal

The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of different forms of poverty measurement on variations of the Personal Well-being Index (PWI) of poor and non-poor individuals. Comparative analyzes were performed with the Student's t-test and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) in a comparative perspective of different forms of poverty measurement. The sample consisted of 731 Brazilian subjects, 57% from a northeastern state and 43% form a southern state, with a mean age of 36,7 years (SD = 16,0). Monetary and multidimensional measures of poverty were used. The results indicate that, regardless of the form of poverty measurement, there is a negative impact on PWI. However, the use of the multidimensional perspective seems to have a greater capacity to identify the psychosocial impacts of poverty.O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o impacto de diferentes formas de mensuração da pobreza nas variações do Índice de Bem-Estar Pessoal (BEP) de indivíduos pobres e não pobres. Foram realizadas análises comparativas com o teste t de Student e Análise Multivariada de Variância (MANOVA), em uma perspectiva comparativa de diferentes formas de mensuração da pobreza com 731 pessoas, provenientes de um estado do Nordeste (57%) e do Sul (43%) do Brasil, com idade média de 36,68 anos (DP = 16,02). Utilizaram-se medidas monetárias e multidimensionais da pobreza. Identifica-se que, independente da forma de mensuração da pobreza, há um impacto negativo no BEP. Porém, observa-se que a utilização da perspectiva multidimensional tem uma maior capacidade de identificação dos impactos psicossociais da pobreza

O ensino da ética em Psicologia Comunitária no Nordeste do Brasil: reflexões e apontamentos a partir do paradigma da libertação

O ensino da ética em Psicologia Comunitária é constituído de dilemas e desafios. A Ética da Libertação traz uma perspectiva concreta de escolha pelas populações marginalizadas. Assim, objetiva-se analisar o lugar da ética no ensino da Psicologia Comunitária a partir do paradigma da libertação. A metodologia é qualitativa. Esta investigação foi realizada em instituições de ensino superior de um estado do Nordeste do Brasil que tinham disciplinas opcionais ou obrigatórias de Psicologia Comunitária. Assim, houve a análise documental dos programas das disciplinas de Psicologia Comunitária. Em seguida, foram realizados entrevistas e círculo de cultura com docentes e discentes vinculados à área de Psicologia Comunitária. Os resultados apontam que a ética é um tema transversal na disciplina, sendo o ensino desenvolvido por meio de aspectos práticos. A ética de libertação é compreendida e apontada como saída para uma atuação crítica em Psicologia Comunitária, mas não há apontamentos específicos sobre o seu ensino

Expectations of adolescents in different contexts regarding the future

El constructo de expectativas con respecto al futuro ha sido considerado como un importante factor de protección para el desarrollo saludable en la adolescencia, pues pensar sobre el futuro motiva el comportamiento cotidiano e influye en las elecciones, decisiones y actividades futuras. Este estudio investigó las expectativas de adolescentes provenientes de diferentes contextos institucionales con respecto al futuro, así como la presencia de factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de sus trayectorias de vida. Participaron 945 adolescentes con edades entre 14 y 19 años (M=15,41, SD=1,68), de ambos géneros, pertenecientes a tres grupos: los que vivían con la familia (G1), en una institución de protección (G2), o en una institución para el cumplimiento de medidas socio-educativas (G3) en Rio Grande do Sul, quienes respondieron al Questionário da Juventude Brasileira (Cuestionario de la Juventud Brasileña). Los análisis de varianza indicaron diferencias significativas entre los adolescentes de los tres contextos en relación con la puntuación total de las expectativas con respecto al futuro [F(2, 885)=15.15, p<0,001], encontrándose que G1 (M=38,42; SD=5,59) presentó puntajes más altos que G2 (M=37,20; SD=5,58) y G3 (M=35,37; SD=6,61). A partir del análisis discriminante se identificó que el mayor número de factores de riesgo para el desarrollo estaba en G3 y G2. Se discute el impacto de los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo y el de la institucionalización en la construcción de las expectativas con respecto al futuro en la adolescencia.The construct of expectations about the future has been considered as an important protective factor for healthy development during adolescence, since thinking about the future motivates everyday behavior and influences choices, decisions and future activities. This study investigated the expectations of adolescents from different institutional contexts about the future, and the presence of risk factors for the development of their life trajectories. Participants were 945 adolescents aged between 14 and 19 years (M = 15.41, SD = 1.68), of both sexes, belonging to three groups: those who lived with their family (G1), in a protective institution (G2), or in an institution for the fulfillment of socio-educational measures (G3) in Rio Grande do Sul, who responded to the Questionário da Juventude Brasileira [Brazilian Youth Questionnaire]. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences among adolescents in the three contexts in relation to the total score of expectations about the future [F (2, 885) = 15.15, p <0.001]. Findings show that G1 (M = 38, 42, SD = 5.59) had higher scores than G2 (M = 37.20, SD = 5.58) and G3 (M = 35.37, SD = 6.61). From the discriminate analysis it was identified that the greatest number of risk factors for development was in G3 and G2. Discussion focuses on the impact of institutionalization and risk factors for development in building expectations about the future in adolescence.O construto expectativas quanto ao futuro tem sido considerado um importante fator de proteção ao desenvolvimento saudável na adolescência, pois pensar sobre o futuro motiva o comportamento cotidiano e influencia escolhas, decisões e atividades futuras. Este estudo investigou as expectativas quanto ao futuro de adolescentes em diferentes contextos institucionais, assim como a presença de fatores de risco ao desenvolvimento em suas trajetórias de vida. Participaram 945 adolescentes com idades entre 14 e 19 anos (M=15,41; SD=1,68), de ambos os sexos, que viviam com a família (G1), em instituição de proteção (G2) ou em instituição para cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas (G3) no Rio Grande do Sul, que responderam ao Questionário da Juventude Brasileira. Análises de Variância indicaram diferenças significativas entre os adolescentes dos três contextos com relação ao escore total de expectativas quanto ao futuro [F(2, 885)=15,15; p<0,001], sendo que G1 (M=38,42; SD=5,59) apresentou os escores mais altos do que G2 (M=37,20; SD=5,58) e G3 (M=35,37; SD=6,61). O maior número de fatores de risco ao desenvolvimento foi identificado em G3 e G2 a partir de análise discriminante. Discute-se o impacto dos fatores de risco ao desenvolvimento e da institucionalização na construção de expectativas quanto ao futuro na adolescência

Anthropogenic disturbance in tropical forests can double biodiversity loss from deforestation

© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. Concerted political attention has focused on reducing deforestation, and this remains the cornerstone of most biodiversity conservation strategies. However, maintaining forest cover may not reduce anthropogenic forest disturbances, which are rarely considered in conservation programmes. These disturbances occur both within forests, including selective logging and wildfires, and at the landscape level, through edge, area and isolation effects. Until now, the combined effect of anthropogenic disturbance on the conservation value of remnant primary forests has remained unknown, making it impossible to assess the relative importance of forest disturbance and forest loss. Here we address these knowledge gaps using a large data set of plants, birds and dung beetles (1,538, 460 and 156 species, respectively) sampled in 36 catchments in the Brazilian state of Pará. Catchments retaining more than 69-80% forest cover lost more conservation value from disturbance than from forest loss. For example, a 20% loss of primary forest, the maximum level of deforestation allowed on Amazonian properties under Brazil's Forest Code, resulted in a 39-54% loss of conservation value: 96-171% more than expected without considering disturbance effects. We extrapolated the disturbance-mediated loss of conservation value throughout Pará, which covers 25% of the Brazilian Amazon. Although disturbed forests retained considerable conservation value compared with deforested areas, the toll of disturbance outside Pará's strictly protected areas is equivalent to the loss of 92,000-139,000 km2 of primary forest. Even this lowest estimate is greater than the area deforested across the entire Brazilian Amazon between 2006 and 2015 (ref. 10). Species distribution models showed that both landscape and within-forest disturbances contributed to biodiversity loss, with the greatest negative effects on species of high conservation and functional value. These results demonstrate an urgent need for policy interventions that go beyond the maintenance of forest cover to safeguard the hyper-diversity of tropical forest ecosystems

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI &lt;18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school&#x2;aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI &lt;2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI &gt;2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit