Beyond Counting: New Perspectives on the Active IPv4 Address Space

In this study, we report on techniques and analyses that enable us to capture Internet-wide activity at individual IP address-level granularity by relying on server logs of a large commercial content delivery network (CDN) that serves close to 3 trillion HTTP requests on a daily basis. Across the whole of 2015, these logs recorded client activity involving 1.2 billion unique IPv4 addresses, the highest ever measured, in agreement with recent estimates. Monthly client IPv4 address counts showed constant growth for years prior, but since 2014, the IPv4 count has stagnated while IPv6 counts have grown. Thus, it seems we have entered an era marked by increased complexity, one in which the sole enumeration of active IPv4 addresses is of little use to characterize recent growth of the Internet as a whole. With this observation in mind, we consider new points of view in the study of global IPv4 address activity. Our analysis shows significant churn in active IPv4 addresses: the set of active IPv4 addresses varies by as much as 25% over the course of a year. Second, by looking across the active addresses in a prefix, we are able to identify and attribute activity patterns to network restructurings, user behaviors, and, in particular, various address assignment practices. Third, by combining spatio-temporal measures of address utilization with measures of traffic volume, and sampling-based estimates of relative host counts, we present novel perspectives on worldwide IPv4 address activity, including empirical observation of under-utilization in some areas, and complete utilization, or exhaustion, in others.Comment: in Proceedings of ACM IMC 201

Genetic diversity in a germplasm bank of Oenocarpus mapora (Arecaceae).

Oenocarpus mapora is an Amazonian palm species commonly used by native populations for food and in folk medicine. We measured genetic variability, using RAPD markers, of material kept in a germplasm bank composed of accessions sampled from the Brazilian Amazon. These included 74 individuals from 23 accessions sampled from 9 localities in three States of the Brazilian Amazon. Jaccard genetic similarities were calculated based on 137 polymorphic bands, amplified by 15 primers. Dendrograms constructed based on the genetic similarities among individuals and sample localities demonstrated genetic separation of Acre State from the States of Amazonas and Pará. Two models in three hierarchical levels were considered for AMOVA: one considering the grouping of sampling sites in each state, and the other considering sampling sites in each subgroup formed by the dendrograms. The first model showed no significant genetic variation among states. On the other hand, genetic variation among subgroups was significant. In this model, the within-sample-site genetic diversity was 47.15%, which is considered to be low, since O. mapora is allogamous. By means of Bayesian analysis, the sample sites were clustered into five groups, and their distribution was similar to what we found in the dendrograms based on genetic similarity

Topological insulator particles as optically induced oscillators: towards dynamical force measurements and optical rheology

We report the first experimental study upon the optical trapping and manipulation of topological insulator (TI) particles. By virtue of the unique TI properties, which have a conducting surface and an insulating bulk, the particles present a peculiar behaviour in the presence of a single laser beam optical tweezers: they oscillate in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the laser propagation, as a result of the competition between radiation pressure and gradient forces. In other words, TI particles behave as optically induced oscillators, allowing dynamical measurements with unprecedented simplicity and purely optical control. Actually, optical rheology of soft matter interfaces and biological membranes, as well as dynamical force measurements in macromolecules and biopolymers, may be quoted as feasible possibilities for the near future.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures. Correspondence and requests for Supplementary Material should be addressed to [email protected]

Repetibilidade e número mínimo de medições para caracteres de cacho de bacabi (Oenocarpus mapora).

A bacabi (Oenocarpus mapora H. Karsten) é uma palmeira perene nativa da Amazônia, que produz cachos com centenas de frutos que apresentam grande potencialidade à agroindústria de polpa, mas tem sido pouco estudada. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estimar os coeficientes de repetibilidade e determinar a previsibilidade e o número de medições necessárias para caracteres de cacho dessa palmeira. Foram avaliados 27 indivíduos de bacabi pertencentes ao Banco de Germoplasma de Oenocarpus/Jessenia da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, em Belém-PA. De cada planta, foram colhidos três cachos em maturação completa para a mensuração de seis caracteres: peso total do cacho (PTC) e de frutos por cacho (PFC), número de ráquilas por cacho (NRC), comprimento da ráquis por cacho (CRC), peso de 100 frutos (PCF) e rendimento de frutos por cacho (RFC). As estimativas de repetibilidade foram obtidas pelos métodos estatísticos da análise de variância, componentes principais e análise estrutural. Em todos os caracteres, as estimativas de repetibilidade apresentaram valores muito semelhantes nos três métodos. As estimativas dos coeficientes de repetibilidade e as previsibilidades foram relativamente altas (r > 0,60 e R2 > 81,7%) para os caracteres número de ráquilas e rendimento de frutos por cacho, demonstrando regularidade dos genótipos nas várias medições (cachos), em todos os métodos. Para esses caracteres, o número mínimo de cachos necessários para a avaliação do real valor dos genótipos foi de treze (RFC) e cinco (NRC) cachos com confiabilidade de 95%, tornando-os factíveis no uso de inferências genéticas para as condições do estudo. Os demais caracteres exibiram repetibilidades e coeficientes de determinação de médias a baixas magnitudes, indicando necessidade de maior controle ambiental para suas mensurações

Random fluctuation leads to forbidden escape of particles

A great number of physical processes are described within the context of Hamiltonian scattering. Previous studies have rather been focused on trajectories starting outside invariant structures, since the ones starting inside are expected to stay trapped there forever. This is true though only for the deterministic case. We show however that, under finitely small random fluctuations of the field, trajectories starting inside Arnold-Kolmogorov-Moser (KAM) islands escape within finite time. The non-hyperbolic dynamics gains then hyperbolic characteristics due to the effect of the random perturbed field. As a consequence, trajectories which are started inside KAM curves escape with hyperbolic-like time decay distribution, and the fractal dimension of a set of particles that remain in the scattering region approaches that for hyperbolic systems. We show a universal quadratic power law relating the exponential decay to the amplitude of noise. We present a random walk model to relate this distribution to the amplitude of noise, and investigate this phenomena with a numerical study applying random maps.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures - Up to date with corrections suggested by referee

On topological spin excitations on a rigid torus

We study Heisenberg model of classical spins lying on the toroidal support, whose internal and external radii are $r$ and $R$, respectively. The isotropic regime is characterized by a fractional soliton solution. Whenever the torus size is very large, $R\to\infty$, its charge equals unity and the soliton effectively lies on an infinite cylinder. However, for R=0 the spherical geometry is recovered and we obtain that configuration and energy of a soliton lying on a sphere. Vortex-like configurations are also supported: in a ring torus ($R>r$) such excitations present no core where energy could blow up. At the limit $R\to\infty$ we are effectively describing it on an infinite cylinder, where the spins appear to be practically parallel to each other, yielding no net energy. On the other hand, in a horn torus ($R=r$) a singular core takes place, while for $R<r$ (spindle torus) two such singularities appear. If $R$ is further diminished until vanish we recover vortex configuration on a sphere.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figure