341 research outputs found
Safe Zero-Shot Model-Based Learning and Control: A Wasserstein Distributionally Robust Approach
This paper explores distributionally robust zero-shot model-based learning
and control using Wasserstein ambiguity sets. Conventional model-based
reinforcement learning algorithms struggle to guarantee feasibility throughout
the online learning process. We address this open challenge with the following
approach. Using a stochastic model-predictive control (MPC) strategy, we
augment safety constraints with affine random variables corresponding to the
instantaneous empirical distributions of modeling error. We obtain these
distributions by evaluating model residuals in real time throughout the online
learning process. By optimizing over the worst case modeling error distribution
defined within a Wasserstein ambiguity set centered about our empirical
distributions, we can approach the nominal constraint boundary in a provably
safe way. We validate the performance of our approach using a case study of
lithium-ion battery fast charging, a relevant and safety-critical energy
systems control application. Our results demonstrate marked improvements in
safety compared to a basic learning model-predictive controller, with
constraints satisfied at every instance during online learning and control.Comment: In review for CDC2
Planning for Electric Vehicles Coupled with Urban Mobility
The rising adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) leads to the
alignment of their electricity and their mobility demands. Therefore,
transportation and power infrastructures are becoming increasingly
interdependent. In this work, we uncover patterns of PEV mobility by
integrating for the first time two unique data sets: (i) mobile phone activity
of 1.39 million Bay Area residents and (ii) charging activity of PEVs in
580,000 sessions obtained in the same region. We present a method to estimate
individual mobility of PEV drivers at fine temporal and spatial resolution
integrating survey data with mobile phone data and income information obtained
from census. Thereupon, we recommend changes in PEVs charging times of
commuters at their work stations that take into account individual travel needs
and shave the pronounced peak in power demand. Informed by the tariff of
electricity, we calculate the12 monetary gains to incentivize the adoption of
the recommendations. These results open avenues for planning for the future of
coupled transportation and electricity needs using personalized data
State of Charge Estimation of Parallel Connected Battery Cells via Descriptor System Theory
This manuscript presents an algorithm for individual Lithium-ion (Li-ion)
battery cell state of charge (SOC) estimation when multiple cells are connected
in parallel, using only terminal voltage and total current measurements. For
battery packs consisting of thousands of cells, it is desirable to estimate
individual SOCs by only monitoring the total current in order to reduce sensing
cost. Mathematically, series connected cells yield dynamics given by ordinary
differential equations under classical full voltage sensing. In contrast,
parallel connected cells are evidently more challenging because the dynamics
are governed by a nonlinear descriptor system, including differential equations
and algebraic equations arising from voltage and current balance across cells.
An observer with linear output error injection is formulated, where the
individual cell SOCs and local currents are locally observable from the total
current and voltage measurements. The asymptotic convergence of differential
and algebraic states is established by considering local Lipschitz continuity
property of system nonlinearities. Simulation results on LiNiMnCoO/Graphite
(NMC) cells illustrate convergence for SOCs, local currents, and terminal
voltage.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, accepted by 2020 American Control
Conferenc
Structural properties of crumpled cream layers
The cream layer is a complex heterogeneous material of biological origin
which forms spontaneously at the air-milk interface. Here, it is studied the
crumpling of a single cream layer packing under its own weight at room
temperature in three-dimensional space. The structure obtained in these
circumstances has low volume fraction and anomalous fractal dimensions. Direct
means and noninvasive NMR imaging technique are used to investigate the
internal and external structure of these systems.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, accepted in J. Phys. D: Appl. Phy
The incidence and clinical burden of respiratory syncytial virus disease identified through hospital outpatient presentations in Kenyan children
There is little information that describe the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) associated disease in the tropical African outpatient setting.
Methods
We studied a systematic sample of children aged <5 years presenting to a rural district hospital in Kenya with acute respiratory infection (ARI) between May 2002 and April 2004. We collected clinical data and screened nasal wash samples for RSV antigen by immunofluorescence. We used a linked demographic surveillance system to estimate disease incidence.
Results
Among 2143 children tested, 166 (8%) were RSV positive (6% among children with upper respiratory tract infection and 12% among children with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). RSV was more likely in LRTI than URTI (p<0.001). 51% of RSV cases were aged 1 year or over. RSV cases represented 3.4% of hospital outpatient presentations. Relative to RSV negative cases, RSV positive cases were more likely to have crackles (RR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.34β1.97), nasal flaring (RR = 2.66; 95% CI 1.40β5.04), in-drawing (RR = 2.24; 95% CI 1.47β3.40), fast breathing for age (RR = 1.34; 95% CI 1.03β1.75) and fever (RR = 1.54; 95% CI 1.33β1.80). The estimated incidence of RSV-ARI and RSV-LRTI, per 100,000 child years, among those aged <5 years was 767 and 283, respectively.
Conclusion
The burden of childhood RSV-associated URTI and LRTI presenting to outpatients in this setting is considerable. The clinical features of cases associated with an RSV infection were more severe than cases without an RSV diagnosis
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