Contextualizing the tone of the operating room in practice: drawing on the literature to connect the dots

The study of teamwork in the operating room has made significant strides in uncovering key constructs which shape safe and effective intraoperative care. However, in recent years, there have been calls to understand teamwork in the operating room more fully by embracing the complexity of the intraoperative environment. We propose the construct of tone as a useful lens through which to understand intraoperative teamwork. In this article, we review the literature on culture, shared mental models, and psychological safety, linking each to the construct of tone. By identifying tone as a theoretical orientation to demonstrate the overlap between these concepts, we aim to provide a starting point for new ways to understand intraoperative team dynamics

Liver resection after chemotherapy and tumour downsizing in patients with initially unresectable colorectal cancer liver metastases

AbstractObjectivesAmong patients with initially unresectable colorectal cancer liver metastases (CLM), a subset are rendered resectable following the administration of systemic chemotherapy. This study reports the results achieved in liver resections performed at a single hepatobiliary referral centre after downsizing chemotherapy in patients with initially unresectable CLM.MethodsAll liver resections for CLM performed over a 10-year period at the Toronto General Hospital were considered. Data on initially non-resectable patients who received systemic therapy and later underwent surgery were included for analysis.ResultsBetween January 2002 and July 2012, 754 liver resections for CLM were performed. A total of 24 patients were found to meet the study inclusion criteria. Bilobar CLM were present in 23 of these 24 patients. The median number of tumours was seven (range: 2–15) and median tumour size was 7.0cm (range: 1.0–12.8cm) before systemic therapy. All patients received oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Fourteen patients received combined treatment with bevacizumab. Negative margin (R0) resection was accomplished in 21 of 24 patients. There was no perioperative mortality. Ten patients suffered perioperative morbidity. Eighteen patients suffered recurrence of disease within 9 months. Rates of disease-free survival at 1, 2 and 3 years were 47.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 30.4–74.6%], 23.8% (95% CI 11.1–51.2%) and 19.0% (95% CI 7.9–46.0%), respectively. Overall survival at 1, 2 and 3 years was 91.5% (95% CI 80.8–100%), 65.3% (95% CI 48.5–88.0%) and 55.2% (95% CI 37.7–80.7%), respectively.ConclusionsLiver resection in initially unresectable CLM can be performed with low rates of morbidity and mortality in patients who respond to systemic chemotherapy, although these patients do experience a high frequency of disease recurrence

Management of Asymptomatic Sporadic Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (ASPEN) <= 2 cm: Study Protocol for a Prospective Observational Study

Introduction: The optimal treatment for small, asymptomatic, nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (NF-PanNEN) is still controversial. European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) guidelines recommend a watchful strategy for asymptomatic NF-PanNEN <2 cm of diameter. Several retrospective series demonstrated that a non-operative management is safe and feasible, but no prospective studies are available. Aim of the ASPEN study is to evaluate the optimal management of asymptomatic NF-PanNEN ≤2 cm comparing active surveillance and surgery. Methods: ASPEN is a prospective international observational multicentric cohort study supported by ENETS. The study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with the identification code NCT03084770. Based on the incidence of NF-PanNEN the number of expected patients to be enrolled in the ASPEN study is 1,000 during the study period (2017–2022). Primary endpoint is disease/progression-free survival, defined as the time from study enrolment to the first evidence of progression (active surveillance group) or recurrence of disease (surgery group) or death from disease. Inclusion criteria are: age >18 years, the presence of asymptomatic sporadic NF-PanNEN ≤2 cm proven by a positive fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or by the presence of a measurable nodule on high-quality imaging techniques that is positive at 68Gallium DOTATOC-PET scan. Conclusion: The ASPEN study is designed to investigate if an active surveillance of asymptomatic NF-PanNEN ≤2 cm is safe as compared to surgical approach

Psychology and aggression

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68264/2/10.1177_002200275900300301.pd

Exploring the Role of 'Slowing Down When You Should' in Operative Surgical Judgment

Context: The study of expertise in medical education has tended to follow the traditions of describing either the analytic processes or the non-analytic resources that experts acquire with experience. We argue that a critical function of expertise is the ability to transition from the automatic mode to the more effortful mode when required – a transition referred to as ‘slowing down when you should’. Objectives: To explore the phenomenon of ‘slowing down when you should’ in operative surgical practice and its role in intra-operative surgical judgment, and to develop conceptual models of the factors involved in the display of this transition in surgical operative practice. Design: In Phase 1A, 28 surgeons were interviewed about their views of surgical judgment in general and their perceptions of the role of this phenomenon in operative judgment. In Phase 1B, a subset of surgeons from Phase 1A was re-interviewed to explore their perceptions of automaticity in operative practice. In Phase 2, observational sessions (and brief interviews) were conducted of surgeons in the operating room to explore the nature of this phenomenon in its natural environment. Results: The surgeons in this study recognized the phenomenon of ‘slowing down’ in their operative practice and acknowledged its link to surgical judgment. Two main initiators were described and observed: proactively planned ‘slowing down’ moments occurring intra-operatively initiated by critical events anticipated pre-operatively and situationally responsive ‘slowing down’ moments initiated by emergent cues intra-operatively. Numerous influences of this transition were uncovered. A control dynamic emerged as surgeon’s negotiated ‘slowing down’ moments through trainees in their supervisory academic practice. Numerous manifestations of this phenomenon were observed in the operating room and considered using a cognitive psychology attention capacity model. Conclusions: This study offers a conceptual framework for understanding the role of ‘slowing down when you should’ in operative surgical practice, providing a vocabulary that will allow more explicit consideration of what contributes to surgical expertise. Consideration of this framework with its consequent ability to make surgical practices more explicit has implications for self-regulation in practice, surgical error, and surgical training.Ph

Operating from the Other Side of the Table: Control Dynamics and the Surgeon Educator

BACKGROUND: Critical moments in operations cause the surgeon to transition from a relatively automatic mode of operating to a more attentive mode-previously referred to as slowing down when you should. Using this framework, this study explored how academic surgeons manage and balance the often competing responsibilities of patient safety and education during the slowing-down moments. STUDY DESIGN: This study used a constructivist approach to grounded theory methodology to explore an emergent theme of control among academic surgeons. Twenty-eight surgeons were interviewed across 4 academic teaching hospitals, and 5 general (hepato-pancreatico-biliary) surgeons were observed. Thematic analysis of the transcripts and field notes was conducted and iteratively elaborated and refined as data collection progressed with all team members. A reflexive approach was adopted throughout. RESULTS: An interesting control dynamic emerged as surgeons discussed the need to maintain a sense of control of an operation regardless of how much manual control they had. A dual responsibility to education and patient safety was apparent, with surgeons describing and demonstrating numerous strategies for negotiating manual control with the trainee during the critical slowing-down moments. An assessment of the trainee was implicit in the negotiation process. Numerous complications of control were identified ( bargaining, skidding ) as a product of this control dynamic. CONCLUSIONS: Operating from the other side of the table sets up a control dynamic that requires manipulation and negotiation on the part of the academic surgeon. Understanding these issues informs surgeons in their supervisory role, offering avenues for optimizing surgical training