34 research outputs found
Public-Key Based Authentication Architecture for IoT Devices Using PUF
Nowadays, Internet of Things (IoT) is a trending topic in the computing
world. Notably, IoT devices have strict design requirements and are often
referred to as constrained devices. Therefore, security techniques and
primitives that are lightweight are more suitable for such devices, e.g.,
Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM) Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and
Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). SRAM PUF is an intrinsic security primitive
that is seeing widespread adoption in the IoT segment. ECC is a public-key
algorithm technique that has been gaining popularity among constrained IoT
devices. The popularity is due to using significantly smaller operands when
compared to other public-key techniques such as RSA (Rivest Shamir Adleman).
This paper shows the design, development, and evaluation of an
application-specific secure communication architecture based on SRAM PUF
technology and ECC for constrained IoT devices. More specifically, it
introduces an Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) public-key based
cryptographic protocol that utilizes PUF-derived keys as the root-of-trust for
silicon authentication. Also, it proposes a design of a modular hardware
architecture that supports the protocol. Finally, to analyze the practicality
as well as the feasibility of the proposed protocol, we demonstrate the
solution by prototyping and verifying a protocol variant on the commercial
Xilinx Zynq-7000 APSoC device
On maximizing the compound yield for 3D Wafer-to-Wafer stacked ICs
Three-Dimensional Stacked IC (3D-SIC) is an emerging technology that provides heterogeneous integration, higher performance, and lower power consumption compared to planar ICs. Fabricating these 3D-SICs using Wafer-to-Wafer (W2W) stacking has several advantages including: high throughput, thin wafer and small die handling, and high TSV density. However, W2W stacking suffers from low compound yield. This paper investigates various matching processes by using different wafer matching criteria in order to maximize the compound yield. It first establishes a framework covering different matching processes and wafer matching criteria for both replenished and non-replenished wafer repositories. Thereafter, a subset of the framework is analyzed. The simulation results show that the compound yield not only depends on the number of stacked dies, die yield, and repository size, but it also strongly depends on the used matching process and the wafer matching criteria. Moreover, by choosing an appro-priate wafer matching scenario (e.g., wafer matching pro-cess, criterion etc.), the compound yield can be improved up to 13.4 % relative to random W2W stacking
Test Cost Analysis for 3D Die-to-Wafer Stacking
The industry is preparing itself for three-dimensional stacked ICs (3D-SICs); a technology that promises hetero-geneous integration with higher performance and lower power dissipation at a smaller footprint. Several 3D stacking approaches are under development. From a yield point of view, Die-to-Wafer (D2W) stacking seems the most favorable approach, due to the ability of Known Good Die stacking. Minimizing the test cost for such a stacking approach is a challenging task. Every manufactured chip has to be tested, and any tiny test saving per 3D-SIC impacts the overall cost, especially in high-volume produc-tion. This paper establishes a cost model for D2W SICs and investigates the impact of the test cost for different test flows. It first introduces a framework covering different test flows for 3D D2W ICs. Subsequently, it proposes a test cost model to estimate the impact of the test flow on the overall 3D-SIC cost. Our simulation results show that (a) test flows with pre-bond testing significantly reduce the overall cost, (b) a cheaper test flow does not necessary result in lower overall cost, (c) test flows with intermediate tests (performed during the stacking process) pay off, (d) the most cost-effective test flow consists of pre-bond tests and strongly depends on the stack yield; hence, adapting the test according the stack yield is the best approach to use
Impact of Magnetic Coupling and Density on STT-MRAM Performance
As a unique mechanism for MRAMs, magnetic coupling needs to be accounted for
when designing memory arrays. This paper models both intra- and inter-cell
magnetic coupling analytically for STT-MRAMs and investigates their impact on
the write performance and retention of MTJ devices, which are the data-storing
elements of STT-MRAMs. We present magnetic measurement data of MTJ devices with
diameters ranging from 35nm to 175nm, which we use to calibrate our intra-cell
magnetic coupling model. Subsequently, we extrapolate this model to study
inter-cell magnetic coupling in memory arrays. We propose the inter-cell
magnetic coupling factor Psi to indicate coupling strength. Our simulation
results show that Psi=2% maximizes the array density under the constraint that
the magnetic coupling has negligible impact on the device's performance. Higher
array densities show significant variations in average switching time,
especially at low switching voltages, caused by inter-cell magnetic coupling,
and dependent on the data pattern in the cell's neighborhood. We also observe a
marginal degradation of the data retention time under the influence of
inter-cell magnetic coupling
POS2 - Smart Redundancy Schemes for ANNs Against Fault Attacks
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used to
accomplish a variety of tasks, including safety critical ones.
Hence, it is important to protect them against faults that
can influence decisions during operation. In this paper, we
propose smart and low-cost redundancy schemes that protect
the most vulnerable ANN parts against fault attacks. Experimental
results show that the two proposed smart schemes
perform similarly to dual modular redundancy (DMR) at a
much lower cost, generally improve on the state of the art,
and reach protection levels in the range of 93% to 99%
Test Cost Analysis for 3D Die-to-Wafer Stacking
Abstract The industry is preparing itself for three-dimensional stacke