Genealogical analysis of the dispositive of humanitarianism/trusteeship: from colonial administration to peacebuilding

By using genealogy, this study analyzes the dispositive of humanitarianism/trusteeship, which has constituted the power relationship between trustees and target societies and fields of intervention of power in international society. This dispositive has been reproduced from the colonial period to the present. However, this study does not attempt a complete history of humanitarianism and trusteeship. Its aim is to follow the formation and reproduction of power relations in international society. In this study, ‘trusteeship’ refers to a relation of inequality and a field of intervention, rather than a specific or particular historical practice. Thus, the concept of trusteeship includes various practices such as colonial administration, development assistance, and transitional administration. Equally, the category of ‘humanitarianism’ also includes practices such as protection from anarchy, relief from oppression, and freedom from poverty, which are above and beyond the direct relief of suffering. Examining IR theories which employ genealogy, this study adopts sociological genealogy as a methodology. Previous studies on new trusteeship tend to presume that new trusteeship is rooted only in liberal internationalism. However, this study argues that it is underpinned not only by liberal internationalism but iii also by humanitarian discourse. Furthermore, some existing works on humanitarian intervention and new trusteeship presume that there are two kinds of humanitarianism: ‘humanitarianism separate from politics’ and ‘humanitarianism abused by politics.’ The former means that politics is just a tool for humanitarian purposes; and the latter means that humanitarian discourse is a convenient cloak for political interests. This dichotomy leads to the distinction between ‘good trusteeship embodying humanitarianism’ and ‘bad trusteeship abusing humanitarianism.’ This study aims to show that this dichotomy is highly questionable and to indicate the co-constitutive nature of trusteeship and humanitarianism. The language of trusteeship harks back to the colonial period even while the humanitarianism of today tends to reject political and colonial content. While trusteeship requires strong moral justification, humanitarianism contributes to the constitution of trusteeship when it attempts to alleviate human suffering. Although humanitarianism has represented trusteeship as universal and impartial, trusteeship has tended to expand and defend the interests of particular communities in international society. This study indicates the inherent danger of trusteeship and humanitarianism

R-matrix calculation of differential cross sections for low-energy electron collisions with ground and electronically excited state O2 molecules

Differential cross sections for electron collisions with the O$_2$ molecule in its ground ${X}^{3}\Sigma_g^-$ state, as well as excited ${a}^{1}\Delta_g$ and ${b}^{1}\Sigma_g^+$ states are calculated. As previously, the fixed-bond R-matrix method based on state-averaged complete active space SCF orbitals is employed. In additions to elastic scattering of electron with the O$_2$ ${X}^{3}\Sigma_g^-$, ${a}^{1}\Delta_g$ and ${b}^{1}\Sigma_g^+$ states, electron impact excitation from the ${X}^{3}\Sigma_g^-$ state to the ${a}^{1}\Delta_g$ and ${b}^{1}\Sigma_g^+$ states as well as '6 eV states' of ${c}^{1}\Sigma_u^{-}$, ${A'}^{3}\Delta_u$ and ${A}^{3}\Sigma_u^{+}$ states is studied. Differential cross sections for excitation to the '6 eV states' have not been calculated previously. Electron impact excitation to the ${b}^{1}\Sigma_g^+$ state from the metastable ${a}^{1}\Delta_g$ state is also studied. For electron impact excitation from the O$_2$ ${X}^{3}\Sigma_g^-$ state to the ${b}^{1}\Sigma_g^+$ state, our results agree better with the experimental measurements than previous theoretical calculations. Our cross sections show angular behaviour similar to the experimental ones for transitions from the ${X}^{3}\Sigma_g^-$ state to the '6 eV states', although the calculated cross sections are up to a factor two larger at large scattering angles. For the excitation from the ${a}^{1}\Delta_g$ state to the ${b}^{1}\Sigma_g^+$ state, our results marginally agree with the experimental data except for the forward scattering direction

Hydrogen embrittlement of CrCoFeMnNi high-entropy alloys: Cases of monotonic tension and fatigue loading

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The sound in Cushitic and Omotic languages

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N=1 super Yang-Mills on a (3+1) dimensional transverse lattice with one exact supersymmetry

We formulate ${\cal N}$=1 super Yang-Mills theory in 3+1 dimensions on a two dimensional transverse lattice using supersymmetric discrete light cone quantization in the large-$N_c$ limit. This formulation is free of fermion species doubling. We are able to preserve one supersymmetry. We find a rich, non-trivial behavior of the mass spectrum as a function of the coupling $g\sqrt{N_c}$, and see some sort of "transition" in the structure of a bound state as we go from the weak coupling to the strong coupling. Using a toy model we give an interpretation of the rich behavior of the mass spectrum. We present the mass spectrum as a function of the winding number for those states whose color flux winds all the way around in one of the transverse directions. We use two fits to the mass spectrum and the one that has a string theory justification appears preferable. For those states whose color flux is localized we present an extrapolated value for $m^2$ for some low energy bound states in the limit where the numerical resolution goes to infinity.Comment: 23(+2 for v3) pages, 19 figures; v2: a footnote added; v3: an appendix, comments, references added. The version to appear PR

Exchange effects in elastic collisions of spin-polarized electrons with open-shell molecules with 3Σg−^3\Sigma_g^- symmetry

The spin-exchange effect in spin-polarized electron collisions with unpolarized open-shell molecules, O$_2$, B$_2$, S$_2$ and Si$_2$, has been studied by the R-matrix method with the fixed-bond approximation. All of these molecules have ${}^3 \Sigma_{g}^{-}$ symmetry in their ground states. Usual integrated cross sections with unpolarized electrons has also been studied. We used the complete active space self consistent field orbitals and put more than 10 target electronic states in the R-matrix models. In electron O$_2$ elastic collisions, calculated polarization fractions agree well with the experimental results, especially around the ${}^4 \Sigma_u^-$ resonance. In e-B$_2$, S$_2$ and Si$_2$ elastic collisions, larger spin-exchange effect is observed compared to the e-O$_2$ elastic collisions. In all four cases, spin-exchange effect becomes prominent near resonances. This association of resonance and magnitude of the spin-exchange effect was studied by explicitly removing the resonance configurations from the R-matrix calculations. In general, spin-exchange effect is larger in e-B$_2$ collisions than in e-S$_2$ and Si$_2$ collisions, and is smallest in e-O$_2$ collisions.Comment: Phys. Rev. A, in pres

A solution to the fermion doubling problem for supersymmetric theories on the transverse lattice

Species doubling is a problem that infects most numerical methods that use a spatial lattice. An understanding of species doubling can be found in the Nielsen-Ninomiya theorem which gives a set of conditions that require species doubling. The transverse lattice approach to solving field theories, which has at least one spatial lattice, fails one of the conditions of the Nielsen-Ninomiya theorem nevertheless one still finds species doubling for the standard Lagrangian formulation of the transverse lattice. We will show that the Supersymmetric Discrete Light Cone Quantization (SDLCQ) formulation of the transverse lattice does not have species doubling.Comment: 4 pages, v2: a reference and comments added, the version to appear in Phys. Rev.