Proceedings of the Workshop on Utilization of Soil and Plant Analysis for Sustainable Nutrient Management in the American Pacific (January 13-17, 1997; University of Guam)

The overall objective of the workshop is to increase regional communication and collaboration in developing sustainable plant nutrient management practices through increased use of soil and plant testing. Specific objectives of the workshop are: 1. To present information on soil resource evaluation and soil and plant testing. 2. To identify constraints to sustainable nutrient management in the region. 3. To promote regional collaboration in soil and plant testing and nutrient management. The schedule for the workshop has been divided into four principal sections: Soil Resources, Soil and Plant Testing, Plant Nutrient Management, and Future Collaboration. Regional representatives and growers in several important regional agricultural activities, such as farming. landscaping, and golf course maintenance, will also make presentations regarding plant nutrient management in their respective area. Presentations on regional fertilizer availability and Best Management Practices for plant nutrients will also be made.U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service Grant No. 94-38826·017

Simulação pelo modelo century da dinâmica da matéria orgânica de um Argissolo sob adubação mineral e orgânica Simulation of organic matter dynamics in an Argisol under mineral and organic fertilization with the century model

Os modelos de simulação são ferramentas essenciais para o entendimento da dinâmica da matéria orgânica do solo e da transformação de seus compartimentos em solos tropicais. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (a) simular por meio do modelo Century os efeitos de sistemas de produção de milho sob adubação orgânica e mineral sobre a dinâmica da matéria orgânica em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, e (b) comparar os estoques de C orgânico total (COT), N total (NT) e dos compartimentos de C medidos por meio de métodos de laboratório e estimados pelo modelo Century na camada superficial (0-20 cm). A área em estudo, sob Floresta Atlântica (FA) até o ano de 1930, foi cultivada com milho e feijão por aproximadamente 50 anos, até à instalação do experimento no ano de 1984. Os tratamentos constaram de combinações entre três doses de adubo mineral, correspondentes a de 0, 250 e 500 kg ha-1 da fórmula 4-14-8, e duas doses de adubo orgânico (esterco bovino com palha de soja e feijão), nas doses de 0 e 40 m³ ha-1. Os métodos de laboratório incluíram determinações do COT, do NT, do C da biomassa microbiana (C MIC), representando o compartimento ativo, e do C da fração leve (C FL), referenciando o compartimento lento. O compartimento passivo foi obtido por diferença. A parametrização do modelo Century foi realizada a partir dos dados obtidos no experimento e na literatura, enquanto as simulações da dinâmica do COT, NT e dos compartimentos ativo de C lento e passivo incluíram as mudanças no uso da terra ocorridas de 1930 a 2050. O modelo Century estimou diminuição nos estoques de COT, NT e dos compartimentos de C desde a derrubada da FA até o início do experimento e apenas nos tratamentos com adubação orgânica foi observada recuperação desses estoques. O CmIC e o C FL foram mais sensíveis às mudanças no manejo do que o COT, o que indica a importância desses compartimentos no estudo da dinâmica da matéria orgânica, especialmente em solos tropicais. Os estoques de COT, NT e dos compartimentos de C (lento e passivo), simulados pelo modelo Century, foram similares aos estoques medidos. Os estoques de COT (em Mg ha-1 de C), medidos e simulados pelo modelo Century, foram bem correlacionados (R² = 0,93; p < 0,01), assim como para o C do compartimento ativo (R² = 0,84; p < 0,05), lento (R² = 0,87; p < 0,05) e passivo (R² = 0,91; p < 0,05). Também para os estoques de NT (em Mg ha-1 de N), medidos e simulados pelo modelo Century, houve alta correlação (R² = 0,93; p < 0,01). O modelo Century demonstrou bom desempenho para simular a dinâmica da matéria orgânica em solos tropicais ácidos.<br>Simulation models are essential instruments to understand soil organic matter dynamics and the turnover of its pools in tropical soils. The objectives of this study were: (a) simulate the effects of maize production systems under organic and mineral fertilization on soil organic matter dynamics of an Ultisol using the Century model; (b) to compare total carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen stocks (TN) and the carbon pools (C) measured in the laboratory and estimated by the Century model for the surface soil layer (0-20 cm). The study area had been part of the Atlantic Forest (FA) until 1930. After that it had been used for maize/bean production up to 1984, when the field experiment was set up. The treatments included a combination of three levels of mineral fertilizer at doses of 0, 250 and 500 kg ha-1 of the 4-14-8 formula and two levels of organic fertilizer (animal manure with soybean and bean straw) at doses of 0 and 40 m³ ha-1. Laboratory determinations included TOC and TN, microbial biomass C representing the active C pool and carbon of the light fraction representing the slow C pool. The passive C pool was determined by difference. The Century model was parameterized with data from the present experiment and from literature, whereas the simulations of the dynamics of TOC, TN and the active, slow, and passive pool included land use changes between 1930 and 2050. The Century model estimated a decrease in TOC, TN and the different carbon pools between the slash and burn of the Atlantic Forest until the establishment of the field experiment. Only in the treatments with organic fertilization it was observed a recovery of these pools. Biomass carbon and the carbon of the light fraction were more sensitive to changes in management than TOC. This highlights the relevance of these pools in studies of organic matter dynamics, particularly in tropical soils. Measured and simulated values of TOC (in Mg ha-1 of C) were well correlated (R² = 0.93; p < 0.01). This was also observed for the active (R² = 0.84; p < 0.05), the slow (R² = 0.87; p < 0.05) and the passive (R² = 0.91; p < 0.05) C pools. Both measured and simulated values of TN (in Mg ha-1 of N) were well correlated (R² = 0.93; p < 0.01). The Century model showed a good performance to simulate soil organic matter dynamics in tropical soils