Effect of discriminate and indiscriminate use of oxytetracycline on residual status in broiler soft tissues

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of discriminate and indiscriminate use of oxytetracycline on hematological parameters, residual status in soft tissue of broiler and of thermal effect on oxytetracycline residual status. Materials and Methods: Eighteen, day-old male broiler chickens were purchased and were divided into three different groups (control group, discriminate group, and indiscriminate group). The control group received no antibiotics. The discriminate group received oxytetracycline 1 g/L drinking water for 5 consecutive days, and 10 days' withdrawal period was maintained before sacrifice. The indiscriminate group received oxytetracycline 1 g/L drinking water till the sacrificed day. Blood samples were collected before sacrificing for hematological analysis. After sacrificing liver, kidney, spleen, and muscle samples were collected for analysis of oxytetracycline residues in raw soft tissues. Since meat is used to cook by traditional method in Bangladesh before consumption that is why positive meat samples were cooked by traditional cooking method to evaluate the thermal effect on oxytetracycline residual status as well. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was done for screening of oxytetracycline residues in soft tissues. Results: Mean differences of total erythrocyte count (million/mm3), hemoglobin estimation (gm%), and packed cell volume (%) estimation were not statistically significant among the groups. TLC analysis of raw samples showed 100% positive results of all samples collected from the indiscriminate group. In contrast, samples collected from the discriminate group were negative for oxytetracycline residues. In the control group, all samples were negative for oxytetracycline residue. There was a significant (p<0.05) relationship of oxytetracycline residues among three different groups for liver, kidney, spleen, and muscle samples. Positive liver and muscle samples from the indiscriminate group were subjected to thermal treatment by traditional cooking method of Bangladesh. Oxytetracycline residues had found in cooked meat, liver, and juice part, suggesting that antibiotic residues disseminated to juice part from flesh part after cooking. Conclusion: Evidence suggests that proper maintenance of withdrawal period would minimize oxytetracycline residues in broiler soft tissues, whereas antibiotics retained in soft tissues of broiler in case of indiscriminate use. Traditional cooking does not change oxytetracycline residual status in edible tissues. Therefore, awareness regarding the proper maintenance of withdrawal period after antibiotic treatment of broiler is one of the best strategies which may positively reduce the risk of antimicrobial drugs residue in meat

A Survey on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Large-Animal Farmers towards Antimicrobial Use, Resistance, and Residues in Mymensingh Division of Bangladesh

The widespread and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in food animals is a key contributor to antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial residue, which have become a growing public and animal health concern in developing countries such as Bangladesh. This study was aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of large-animal farmers towards antimicrobial use (AMU), antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and antimicrobial residue (AR) with their correlation. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a structured and pretested questionnaire in the Mymensingh division of Bangladesh. A total of 212 large-animal farmers (dairy, beef fattening, buffalo, sheep, and goat farmers) were surveyed. Results showed that most of the farmers are male (85.8%) and belong to the 18–30 age group (37.3%). About 20.3% had no formal education, and nearly half of the participants (48.1%) received training regarding antibiotic use and resistance. Penicillin is the most common class of antibiotic used (61.8%) in the study area, followed by other antimicrobials. Only 37.7% of the farmers used antimicrobials on the recommendation of their veterinarian. Overall, 41.5%, 42.5%, and 21.7% of farmers possess adequate knowledge and a satisfactory attitude and perform desirable practices, respectively. Farmers in the 31–40 age group have adequate knowledge, attitude, and ability to implement desired practices compared to farmers in the 18–30 age group. Farmers having a graduate or post-graduate degree scored better in relation to knowledge, attitude, and practice than other farmers. Analysis revealed that farmers who received training on AMU and AMR had 10.014 times (OR = 10.014, 95% CIs: 5.252–19.094), 9.409 times (OR = 9.409, 95% CIs: 4.972–17.806), and 25.994 times (OR = 25.994, 95% CIs: 7.73–87.414) better knowledge, attitude, and performance, respectively, compared to their counterparts. A significant proportion of farmers (97.2%) dispose of leftover antibiotics inappropriately. The findings of the present study will be used to intervene in the education and training of the farmers, which will help to limit the indiscriminate and irrational use of antimicrobials, leading to reducing the chances of developing AMR