110th Congress

This report provides background on the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) implementation and results. It details actual and requested funding for U.S. bilateral and multilateral efforts to fight HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria globally through FY2009. It discusses key policy debates surrounding international HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis programs and funding as the 110th Congress considered legislation to reauthorize PEPFAR programs

Clinical Significance of Serum Biomarkers in Pediatric Solid Mediastinal and Abdominal Tumors

Childhood cancer is the leading cause of death by disease among U.S. children between infancy and age 15. Despite successes in treating solid tumors such as Wilms tumor, disappointments in the outcomes of high-risk solid tumors like neuroblastoma have precipitated efforts towards the early and accurate detection of these malignancies. This review summarizes available solid tumor serum biomarkers with a special focus on mediastinal and abdominal cancers in children

International HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria: Key Changes to U.S. Programs and Funding

This report describes U.S. efforts to combat international HIV/AIDS through the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) including an overview of its implementation structure, key program elements, results, and funding from FY2004 through FY2008. It also details funding for tuberculosis, malaria, and U.S. contributions to the Global Fund during that time. This report discusses similarities and differences between H.R. 5501 and S. 2731 including proposed changes in program authorities and funding for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria programs

International HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria: Key Changes to U.S. Programs and Funding

This report discusses changes in coordination and funding for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria programs as directed in the Reauthorization Act. It provides background on the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) implementation including results and funding through FY2008. It then discusses similarities and differences between H.R. 5501 as passed by the House on April 2, 2008, and H.R. 5501 as passed by the Senate on July 16, 2008. Finally, it details key outcomes in the legislation as enacted

The Swan River Experiment: Coerced Labour in Western Australia 1829-1868

This thesis situates the transportation of convicts to Western Australia within the context of global flows of coerced labour migration in the period 1829-1868. It examines the role of European, Chinese and Indian indentured servants; Aboriginal Australian people; juvenile emigrants from Britain; and child and adult convicts who were amongst the extraordinary range of labourers who travelled to, and helped build, the Swan River Colony. Previous research has examined these forms of labour separately and within their local context. Instead, this thesis analyses the connections and entanglements between these different experiments in labour importation and extraction. It also shows how social categories – including age, gender, ethnicity, and ‘criminal status’ – affected the development of labour systems and the experiences of various kinds of labourers. By examining the relationships between these differing practices this thesis overturns presumptions about a clear shift from free to unfree labour in Western Australia in 1850, when convicts were first transported. Instead it reveals a much longer process of the introduction of new and increasingly controversial forms of unfree labour from 1829 until Swan River became a penal colony. In so doing it renders visible the work of those hidden from histories of Western Australia’s foundation

History of substance use and control in British Guiana

Whilst the impact of drugs on the culture of Caribbean societies and Indigenous populations is well documented, their role in maintaining influence over an ethnically diverse population and regulating labour productivity are frequently overlooked. In this paper we examine the use of drugs as a means of compelling and retaining labour in British Guiana during the nineteenth century. We also assess changes over time in how the colonial state managed concerns that the use of intoxicants threatened its control over the labouring population through licensing laws, carceral institutions and the criminalisation of certain drugs

Immigration, Intoxication, Insanity, and Incarceration in British Guiana

The transition from slavery to freedom in British Guiana was a gradual process, taking place through a period of apprenticeship for the formerly enslaved which came into effect in 1834. Emancipation produced a series of rapid challenges for the colonial state as it attempted to retain dominance over ex-slaves without the extensive coercive powers that had been allowed under slavery. The introduction of indentured labourers from 1835 further added to these complexities as workers from India, China, Portugal, and Africa generated significant flows of migrants to the region. In this post-emancipation period, the colonial state expanded its powers through the establishment of new laws and institutions of confinement to consolidate its control over an ethnically diverse population. This article interrogates the ways in which punishment and coercive techniques were part of both larger imperial calculations and broader political, economic, and cultural shifts in the colony

Insanity and Imprisonment in British Guiana, 1814-1966

This paper explores links between incarceration and enslavement, migration, and mental health, in the colony of British Guiana. Contemporaries recognised the negative impact that mobility and labour had on the health and well-being of enslaved persons and Asian immigrants, including on plantations. Understandings of ‘insanity’ later developed to bring ideas about biology, context, and behaviour into dialogue, including through the racialisation of its prevalence and character amongst the colony’s diverse population. Before the construction of separate institutions, people who were believed to be suffering from mental illness were sometimes kept in jails, and due to a lack of capacity this continued even after lunatic asylums were developed from the 1840s. At the same time, colonial administrators recognised that incarceration itself could cause mental ill-health, and as such into the early twentieth century British Guiana engaged with global debates about criminal insanity

Outreach into prisons and constructing a “usable past” of Guyana’s prisons

This workshop and the attached info-graphic (created by   Laura Evans-Hill at Nifty Fox) formed part of the conference Imperial Genealogies of Crime (17th -18th May & 24th - 25th May, 2022). For images from the conference please visit: Imperial Genealogies of Crime by Nifty Fox Creative (pixieset.com)  Workshop Abstract: This workshop introduces people to the possibilities and challenges of doing research projects that connect historical and present-day issues in prisons, especially working with external partners and in postcolonial settings. What value can historical research have in terms of understanding, and even reforming prison systems today? How can we analyse inheritances of colonialism in penal policy to create a “usable past” for independent post-colonial nations? This session is led by a multidisciplinary team of researchers from history and criminology, working on an ESRC/AHRC Global Challenges Research Fund collaboration between the University of Guyana and the University of Leicester, in partnership with the Guyana Prison Service. The project examines the relationships, connections, and continuities of mental, neurological and substance abuse (MNS) disorders in Guyana’s jails: both among inmates and the people who work with them from the British colonial period (1814-1966) to the present day. Following an introduction to the project participants will engage directly in analysing evidence about prison conditions, including enquiries, regulations, and images, from the colonial period and post-independence in 1966. This will better enable attendees to understand the historicity of contemporary prison governance and experience, and how this evidence base can be meaningfully analysed to understand present trends. Finally, the workshop will explore some of the many inter-disciplinary partnerships that have emerged from the project, and the harnessing of digital technologies for recent challenges, including the creation of a virtual reality environment of Mazaruni prison and efforts to control and contain the spread of infectious diseases (including Covid-19). About the Convenors: Clare Anderson is Professor History at the University of Leicester, where she is also Director of the Leicester Institute for Advanced Studies. Clare’s work focuses on imperial and global histories of punishment. Her publications include Convicts in the Indian Ocean (2000), Subaltern Lives (2012), New Histories of the Andaman Islands (with M. Mazumdar and V. Pandya 2015), the edited volume A Global History of Convicts and Penal Colonies (2016), and Convicts: A Global History (2022). Clare is currently working on two interdisciplinary projects. The first, an ESRC GCRF partnership between the University of Leicester, University of Guyana, and Guyana Prison Service, is exploring the aftermaths of colonial rule in regard to the infrastructure, operation and experience of incarceration in Guyana, for inmates and the people who work with them. The second, funded by the Leverhulme Trust, is exploring descent and descendants of black, Asian, Indigenous and Creole convicts transported to penal colony sites across the British and French Empires, from the nineteenth century to the present day. Dylan Kerrigan is an anthropologist working on the sociology of crime and punishment primarily in the Caribbean but also the UK and USA. He is part of the ESRC MNS Guyana research team. Dylan applies a variety of qualitative methods to explore how power relations of criminal justice systems under capitalism are experienced on the micro level of human experiences. In this context his interdisciplinary research explores coloniality and the punishment of capital in the Caribbean across various in/justice systems including prisons, court systems, transnational organised crime, youth gangs, white collar crime, and securitisation. His academic work has been published in top-tier peer reviewed journals including the Journal of Latin and Caribbean Anthropology, the International Journal of Cultural Studies, the International Feminist Journal of Politics, Caribbean Quarterly, the Journal of Legal Anthropology, Consumption and Markets, and the Caribbean Journal of Criminology. He is currently a lecturer in criminology at the University of Leicester, UK. Kellie Moss is a Research Associate at the University of Leicester, working on the history of mental health and substance abuse in the colonial prisons of British Guiana. She was awarded a PhD in 2018 for her thesis on the global mobilities and integration of coerced labourers in nineteenth-century Western Australia, including indentured servants, apprenticed juvenile emigrants, convict labourers, and Indigenous peoples. Kellie is co-author of ‘Guyana’s Prisons: Colonial Histories of Post-Colonial Challenges’ (2020), in a special issue of The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice.</p

Coloniality and the Criminal Justice System: Empire and its legacies in Guyana

This article explores the colonial origins of aspects of law and punishment in Guyana, arguing that they can be linked to practices that date from the early nineteenth century. First, it connects the emergence of the still extant system of preliminary inquiries in the criminal justice system to debates about the property rights of slaveowners in the 1820s, the era of amelioration. Second, it explores the importance of plantation agriculture in shaping the colony’s jail-building programme in the years following emancipation in 1834, when prisons became a means of social discipline and labour control and a source of unfree labour. Linkingobservations on the nation’s colonial history made during a 2016 commission of enquiry into a prison riot in Guyana’s oldest and largest jail, Georgetown, to the history of prisons and prisoner experience and their relationship to enslavement and indentureship, the article reveals the persistence of discourses and practices of imperial governance and associated public attitudes since Independence in 1966. This historicized perspective underpins the argument that colonial systems and mentalities, or what the authors term ‘punitive coloniality’, continue to pervade both structures of state accountability and criminal justice practice in Guyana today.</p