Digital Image Exchange using a No-key(s) Protocol with Phase-only Encryption,

This paper considers an algorithm for transferring a digital image over an open network using a No-key(s) Protocol or Three-Way Pass and phase-only encryption/decryption. After providing a short study on the theoretical background to the method, an algorithm is presented on a step-by-step basis. Cryptanalysis is undertaken for the three intercept and single intercept cases, when it is assumed that the encrypted data is intercepted in its entirety for each pass or for any single pass, respectively. The algorithm focuses on the exchange of a JPEG image although in principle, the approach is independent of the format of the image file that is used. Prototype MATLAB functions are provided for the validation of the approach and for further development by interested readers

A Statistically Significant Test to Evaluate the Order or Disorder for a Binary String of a Finite Length

—This paper addresses a basic problem in regard to the analysis of a finite binary string or bit stream (of compact support), namely, how to tell whether the string is representative of non-random or intelligible information (involving some form of periodicity, for example), whether it is the product of an entirely random process or whether it is something in between thetwo.Thisproblemhasapplicationsthatincludecryptanalysis, quantitative finance, machine learning, artificial intelligence and other forms of signal and image processing involving the general problem of how to distinguishing real noise from information embedded in noise, for example. After providing a short introductiontotheproblem,wefocusontheapplicationofinformation entropy for solving the problem given that this fundamental metric is an intrinsic measure on information in regard to some measurable system. A brief overview on the concept of entropy is given followed by examples of how algorithms can be design to compute the binary entropy of a finite binary string including important variations on a theme such as the BiEntropy. The problem with computing a single metric of this type is that it can berepresentativeofsimilarbinarystringsandlacksrobustnessin terms of its statistically significance. For this reasons, the paper presents a solution to the problem that is based on the KullbackLeibler Divergence (or Relative Entropy) which yields a measure of how one probability distribution is different from another reference probability distribution. By repeatedly computing this metric for different reference (simulated or otherwise) random finite binary strings, it is shown how the distribution of the resultingsignalchangesforintelligibleandrandombinarystrings of a finite extent. This allows a number of standard statistical metricstobecomputedfromwhichthefoundationsforamachine learningsystemcanbedeveloped.Alimitednumberofresultsare present for different natural languages to illustrate the approach, a prototype MATLAB function being provide for interested readers to reproduce the results given as required, investigate different data sets and further develop the method considere

Glacial geomorphology: towards a convergence of glaciology and geomorphology

This review presents a perspective on recent trends in glacial geomorphological research, which has seen an increasing engagement with investigating glaciation over larger and longer timescales facilitated by advances in remote sensing and numerical modelling. Remote sensing has enabled the visualization of deglaciated landscapes and glacial landform assemblages across continental scales, from which hypotheses of millennial-scale glacial landscape evolution and associations of landforms with palaeo-ice streams have been developed. To test these ideas rigorously, the related goal of imaging comparable subglacial landscapes and landforms beneath contemporary ice masses is being addressed through the application of radar and seismic technologies. Focusing on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, we review progress to date in achieving this goal, and the use of radar and seismic imaging to assess: (1) subglacial bed morphology and roughness; (2) subglacial bed reflectivity; and (3) subglacial sediment properties. Numerical modelling, now the primary modus operandi of 'glaciologists' investigating the dynamics of modern ice sheets, offers significant potential for testing 'glacial geomorphological' hypotheses of continental glacial landscape evolution and smaller-scale landform development, and some recent examples of such an approach are presented. We close by identifying some future challenges in glacial geomorphology, which include: (1) embracing numerical modelling as a framework for testing hypotheses of glacial landform and landscape development; (2) identifying analogues beneath modern ice sheets for landscapes and landforms observed across deglaciated terrains; (3) repeat-surveying dynamic subglacial landforms to assess scales of formation and evolution; and (4) applying glacial geomorphological expertise more fully to extraterrestrial cryospheres