Evaluating binding affinities by force stratification and force panning

The present invention is a method for selectively removing objects from a surface utilizing a probe. The probe is scanned over the surface utilizing a greater and greater relative amount of force so that a certain number of the objects are removed from the surface. The force required to remove the objects from the surface can be calculated utilizing Hook\u27s law and the spring constant of the probe. After removal of the objects that have a relatively weaker binding affinity with the surface, the remaining objects can be harvested, characterized, and subjected to further study

Nanoscale molecular arrayer

The present invention is a dedicated apparatus for the formation of array that includes one or more deposition domains comprised of one or more deposition materials. The present invention may include an X, Y controller, an X, Y translation stage, a loading substrate, a deposition substrate, a Z controller, and a deposition probe. A computer controls all of the relative positions of each of the components. Furthermore, the present invention utilizes a humidity control system to create a capillary bridge between the probe and the substrate for transferring the deposition material between the loading substrate, the deposition probe, and the deposition substrate

Method and Apparatus for Solid State Molecular Analysis

The invention is a method for the formation and analysis of novel miniature deposition domains. These deposition domains are placed on a surface to form a molecular array. The molecular array is scanned with an AFM to analyze molecular recognition events and the effect of introduced agents on defined molecular interactions. this approach can be carried out in a high throughput format, allowing rapid screening of thousands of molecular species in a sold state array. The procedures described here have the added benefit of allowing the measurement of changes in the analysis environment or introduction of additional effector molecules to the assay system. The processes described herein are extremely useful in the search for compounds such as new drugs for treatment of undesirable physiological conditions. The method and apparatus of the present invention does not require the labeling of the deposition material of the target sample and may also be used to deposit large size molecules without harming the same

Device and method of use for detection and characterization of pathogens and biological materials

The present invention includes a method and apparatus for the detection of a target material. The method and apparatus includes providing a substrate with a surface and forming a domains of deposited materials thereon. The deposited material can be placed on the surface and bound directly and non-specifically to the surface, or it may be specifically or non-specifically bound to the surface. The deposited material has an affinity for a specific target material. The domains thus created are termed affinity domains or deposition domains. Multiple affinity domains of deposited materials can be deposited on a single surface, creating a plurality of specific binding affinity domains for a plurality of target materials. Target materials may include, for example, pathogens or pathogenic markers such as viruses, bacteria, bacterial spores, parasites, prions, fungi, mold or pollen spores. The device thus created is incubated with a test solution, gas or other supporting environment suspected of containing one or more of the target materials. Specific binding interactions between the target materials and a particular affinity domain occurs and is detected by various methods

Method and apparatus for molecular analysis in small sample volumes

The interrogation of extremely small sample volumes can be accomplished with the present invention. Provided are probes having disposed thereon a plurality of domains forming an array, which is suitably a nanoarray. Also provided are methods of detecting molecules and molecular interaction events, retrieving and analyzing analytes, and delivering substances to cells or tissues using probes of the invention

Will artificial trees be the next power plants?

Wind power is an important source of renewable energy, but some people are concerned that conventional wind turbines are too loud and too hazardous for birds and bats. We wanted to create a new kind of wind energy harvesting machine based on the jiggling motion of cottonwood tree leaves in the wind, which would be quieter and safer for wildlife. After building and testing artificial cottonwood leaves that moved and created electricity in the wind, we found that they didn’t produce enough energy to feasibly use for electricity production. We also tried building a cattail-like device to generate electricity when it swayed in the wind, but it also didn’t produce enough energy to make it reasonable to use. Though our research showed that artificial plants’ jiggling or swaying isn’t likely to be a cost-effective way to produce electricity, we think it could be fruitful to look into other plant-inspired designs for harvesting wind energy. We also are testing a previously unexploited biological material known to convert mechanical to electrical energy far more effectively than the ones used today

Method and apparatus for solid state molecular analysis

The invention is a method for the formation and analysis of novel miniature deposition domains. These deposition domains are placed on a surface to form a molecular array. The molecular array is scanned with an AFM to analyze molecular recognition events and the effect of introduced agents on defined molecular interactions. This approach can be carried out in a high throughput format, allowing rapid screening of thousands of molecular species in a solid state array. The procedures described here have the added benefit of allowing the measurement of changes in molecular binding events resulting from changes in the analysis environment or introduction of additional effector molecules to the assay system. The processes described herein are extremely useful in the search for compounds such as new drugs for treatment of undesirable physiological conditions. The method and apparatus of the present invention does not require the labeling of the deposition material or the target sample and may also be used to deposit large size molecules without harming the same

Microdissection and Measurement of Polytene Chromosomes Using the Atomic Force Microscope

A method to isolate specific regions of the Drosophila polytene chromosome using an atomic force microscope (AFM) was explored. The AFM was used for the microdissection of the locus of interest with much greater precision than standard microdissection techniques. The amplification of DNA isolated in this fashion by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is discussed. A study of the effect of hydration level on gross chromosome structure was carried out. It was shown that chromosome swelling is dependent upon humidity or the buffered medium. The significance of this swelling with respect to studies of chromosome structure under physiological conditions is considered

Height referencing biochemical cassette

A height referencing biochemical cassette comprising of a surface suitable to act as a coupling agent, a height referencing indicator, and molecules bonded to the surface. This cassette is a capable of use to test for bonding to these molecules through measuring the height difference between the indicator and the surface. This invention provides an efficient means to quickly and easily test for bonding of molecules to other molecules

Microminiaturized Immunoassays Using Atomic Force Microscopy and Compositionally Patterned Antigen Arrays

This paper combines the topographic imaging capability of the atomic force microscope (AFM) with a compositionally patterned array of immobilized antigenic rabbit IgG on gold as an approach to performing immunoassays. The substrates are composed of micrometer-sized domains of IgG that are covalently linked to a photolithographically patterned array of a monolayer-based coupling agent. The immobilized coupling agent, which is prepared by the chemisorption of dithiobis(succinimidyl undecanoate) on gold, is separated by micrometer-sized grids of a monolayer formed from octadecanethiol (ODT). The strong hydrophobicity of the ODT adlayer, combined with the addition of the surfactant Tween 80 to the buffer solution that is used in forming the antibody−antigen pairs, minimizes the nonspecific adsorption of proteinaceous materials to the grid regions. This minimization allows the grids to function as a reference plane for the AFM detection of the height increase when a complementary antibody−antigen pair is formed. The advantageous features of this strategy, which include ease of sample preparation, an internal reference plane for the detection of topographic changes, and the potential for regeneration and reuse, are demonstrated using rabbit IgG as an immobilized antigen and goat anti-rabbit IgG as the complementary antibody. The prospects for further miniaturization are discussed