Climatologically forced coherence between diverse juvenile populations in the Virginia tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay

Long term trends in juvenile recruitment of oyster, bluecrab, and 24 species of finfish in a large temperate estuary (lower Chesapeake Bay, USA) are coherent across the three major tributaries (the Virginia rivers James, York, and Rappahannock). The driving force for these long term trends is geographically large in scale. Anomalous winters in the mid 1970\u27s, with the warmest years on record followed immediately by the coldest, caused a severe perturbation in population dynamics. The extreme conditions caused the system to shift, with recruitment patterns following temperatures by a one year lag. Following this anomalous episode, smoothed mean winter water temperatures have increased steadily from 1979 until 1995 &\rm (3.9{lcub}-{rcub}5.7\sp\circ C,& long-term T = &\rm 4.6\sp\circ C),& closely followed (with zero lag) by the first principal component (PC) from each set of smoothed biological indices. Annual indices of juvenile abundance (means of log-transformed catch per unit effort) were calculated by river for the James, York and Rappahannock Rivers. Two collections of different temporal lengths are analysed, oyster, bluecrab and 14 species of finfish (1965-1995) and 17 species of finfish (1980-1995), with an overlap of seven species of finfish. The indices are smoothed by loess (locally weighted scatterplot smoother), and analyses are performed on the indices, the loess-smoothed indices, and the residuals. Principal components analysis (PCA) on the indices indicates coherence in the population fluctuations by a relatively small number of PC\u27s. Weak relationships are found in the unsmoothed indices and the residuals. Smoothed long-term trends eliminate much of the noise, thus exposing the underlying behavior of populations. PCA on the loess-smoothed indices were remarkably cohesive, with only three or four PC\u27s significant in each of the six treatments, accounting for 93 to 98% of total variance, with 44 to 70% in PC#1. Correlations on the first PC\u27s of the loess-smoothed indices, between rivers, within and between surveys, yielded 87-99% agreement; such coherence indicates the underlying causal factor is geographically broad. Cross correlations and scatterplots of smoothed winter water temperature and PC#1 identify the lag during the perturbation years

Evidence for a Relation Between a White Perch Young-of-the-Year Index and Indices of Later Life Stages

Juvenile indices are employed in fisheries management to predict the future relative abundance of harvestable adults and to monitor the success of management efforts. Frequently, regulations controlling utilization of the resource, and a lack of fishery independent abundance data, make verification of the prediction impossible. In the case of white perch (Morone americana) in Virginia, this is not so. Using the weighting system developed for a Chesapeake Bay-wide index of juvenile striped bass abundance based on summertime beach seine data collected in nursery ground waters, we developed a similar index for white perch in the Virginia portion of the Bay. Regressions against Virginia Institute of Marine Science otter trawl survey indices (taken in deep, mesohaline water during winter months) for young-of-the-year (r2 = 0.597, p = 0.003) and age 1 + (r2 = 0.703, p \u3c 0.001) white perch were significant and positive. These results lend support for the continued use of juvenile indices for finfish management

Develop a Chesapeake Bay-wide Young-of-the-Year Striped Bass Index : Final report to the Chesapeake Bay Stock Assessment Committee (CBSAC)

The objective of this study has been to develop a proportionally weighted Baywide young-of-the-year Chesapeake Bay striped bass index which incorporates data from all major nursery areas of the Chesapeake Bay. In doing so three approaches were used. The first entailed simple computation of both arithmetic and geometric indices. These were computed for historical continuity. The second approach involved a weighting by the commercial landings from each river during the spawning seasons from 1973-1981. The third approach used the area of the spawning grounds and distance of shoreline adjacent to the nursery grounds. Finally, an effort at validation was made using Maryland and Virginia fishery-independent CPUE of three-year old fish

Do Striped Bass and Blue Crab Abundances Correlate in Chesapeake Bay?

We examined a corollary to the hypothesis that striped bass regulate the blue crab population in Chesapeake Bay by preying on juveniles, an expected inverse correlation between striped bass and blue crab abundance. Abundance indices based on Virginia striped bass young-of-the-year beach seine data (1980-1992) were constructed for fish ages 1 - 8, and for the Virginia resident stock component, ages 1 - 5. Fishery-independent, pound net data for fall and spring were also used to construct indices of striped bass abundance in Rappahannock River (1986-1993). Juvenile blue crab abundance indices were constructed based on trawl survey data from the James, York and Rappahannock Rivers. Fall crab abundance correlated positively with predicted Virginia resident striped bass abundance. Crab abundance in the spring did not correlate with any measure of striped bass abundance, nor did fall Rappahannock River crab abundance correlate with the fall Rappahannock River pound net index. Thus, these data do not support the hypothesis that striped bass abundance and blue crab abundance are inversely related. Striped bass populations do not appear to have regulated blue crab population dynamics in the Virginia portion of Chesapeake Bay from 1980 to 1992

Chesapeake Bay Status of Stocks Report 1989-1990

This is the fourth in a series of documents prepared for the Chesapeake Bay Stock Assessment Committee (CBSAC) under the aegis of Status of Stock Knowledge

Tuberculosis in migrants moving from high-incidence to low-incidence countries: a population-based cohort study of 519 955 migrants screened before entry to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis elimination in countries with a low incidence of the disease necessitates multiple interventions, including innovations in migrant screening. We examined a cohort of migrants screened for tuberculosis before entry to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland and tracked the development of disease in this group after arrival. METHODS: As part of a pilot pre-entry screening programme for tuberculosis in 15 countries with a high incidence of the disease, the International Organization for Migration screened all applicants for UK visas aged 11 years or older who intended to stay for more than 6 months. Applicants underwent a chest radiograph, and any with results suggestive of tuberculosis underwent sputum testing and culture testing (when available). We tracked the development of tuberculosis in those who tested negative for the disease and subsequently migrated to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland with the Enhanced Tuberculosis Surveillance system. Primary outcomes were cases of all forms of tuberculosis (including clinically diagnosed cases), and bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. FINDINGS: Our study cohort was 519 955 migrants who were screened for tuberculosis before entry to the UK between Jan 1, 2006, and Dec 31, 2012. Cases notified on the Enhanced Tuberculosis Surveillance system between Jan 1, 2006, and Dec 31, 2013, were included. 1873 incident cases of all forms of tuberculosis were identified, and, on the basis of data for England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the estimated incidence of all forms of tuberculosis in migrants screened before entry was 147 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 140-154). The estimated incidence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in migrants screened before entry was 49 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 45-53). Migrants whose chest radiographs were compatible with active tuberculosis but with negative pre-entry microbiological results were at increased risk of tuberculosis compared with those with no radiographic abnormalities (incidence rate ratio 3·2, 95% CI 2·8-3·7; p<0·0001). Incidence of tuberculosis after migration increased significantly with increasing WHO-estimated prevalence of tuberculosis in migrants' countries of origin. 35 of 318 983 pre-entry screened migrants included in a secondary analysis with typing data were assumed index cases. Estimates of the rate of assumed reactivation tuberculosis ranged from 46 (95% CI 42-52) to 91 (82-102) per 100 000 population. INTERPRETATION: Migrants from countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis screened before being granted entry to low-incidence countries pose a negligible risk of onward transmission but are at increased risk of tuberculosis, which could potentially be prevented through identification and treatment of latent infection in close collaboration with a pre-entry screening programme. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust, UK National Institute for Health Research, UK Medical Research Council, Public Health England, and Department of Health Policy Research Programme

Experimental realisation of Shor's quantum factoring algorithm using qubit recycling

Quantum computational algorithms exploit quantum mechanics to solve problems exponentially faster than the best classical algorithms. Shor's quantum algorithm for fast number factoring is a key example and the prime motivator in the international effort to realise a quantum computer. However, due to the substantial resource requirement, to date, there have been only four small-scale demonstrations. Here we address this resource demand and demonstrate a scalable version of Shor's algorithm in which the n qubit control register is replaced by a single qubit that is recycled n times: the total number of qubits is one third of that required in the standard protocol. Encoding the work register in higher-dimensional states, we implement a two-photon compiled algorithm to factor N=21. The algorithmic output is distinguishable from noise, in contrast to previous demonstrations. These results point to larger-scale implementations of Shor's algorithm by harnessing scalable resource reductions applicable to all physical architectures.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure

Scientific Potential of Einstein Telescope

Einstein gravitational-wave Telescope (ET) is a design study funded by the European Commission to explore the technological challenges of and scientific benefits from building a third generation gravitational wave detector. The three-year study, which concluded earlier this year, has formulated the conceptual design of an observatory that can support the implementation of new technology for the next two to three decades. The goal of this talk is to introduce the audience to the overall aims and objectives of the project and to enumerate ET's potential to influence our understanding of fundamental physics, astrophysics and cosmology.Comment: Conforms to conference proceedings, several author names correcte