Wireless backhaul in future cellular communication

Abstract. In 5G technology, huge number of connected devices are needed to be considered where the expected throughput is also very ambitious. Capacity is needed and thus used frequencies are expected to get higher (above 6 GHz even up to 80 GHz), the Cell size getting smaller and number of cells arising significantly. Therefore, it is expected that wireless backhaul will be one option for Network operators to deliver capacity and coverage for high subscriber density areas with reduced cost. Wireless backhaul optimization, performance and scalability will be on the critical path on such cellular system. This master’s thesis work includes connecting a base station by using the wireless backhaul by introducing a VPN in the proposed network. We find the bottleneck and its solution. The network is using 3.5 GHz wireless link instead of LAN wire for backhaul link between the EnodeB and the core network (OpenEPC). LTE TDD band 42 acting as a Wireless Backhaul (Link between EnodeB and Band 42 CPE Router). The status and attachment procedure are observed from different nodes of the openEPC and from the VPN machine. Step by step we have established a tunnel between the CPE device and the VPN server using PPTP and L2TP with IPSec tunneling protocol. The progression towards the final implementation brings in step by step all difficulties and bottlenecks are documented in the study

Endogenous Private Transfer and Real Exchange Rate Dynamics in a Two-Sector Dependent Economy

Government to government transfers are treated understandably as exogenous in open economy macro models. Even private transfer like remittances are treated as exogenous in the extant literature. In this paper we examine the effects of endogenous private transfer (remittances) on the real exchange rates using a dynamic two-sector dependent economy model. We examine the effects of demand and supply shocks and found that the dynamic patterns for real exchange rates depends on endogeneity of the transfer and the factor intensity of the traded and non-traded sectors

Schwannomatosis of the Spinal Accessory Nerve: A Case Report.

Schwannomatosis is a distinct syndrome characterized by multiple peripheral nerve schwannomas that can be sporadic or familial in nature. Cases affecting the lower cranial nerves are infrequent. Here, the authors present a rare case of schwannomatosis affecting the left spinal accessory nerve. Upon genetic screening, an in-frame insertion at codon p.R177 of the Sox 10 gene was observed. There were no identifiable alterations in NF1, NF2, LZTR1, and SMARCB1. This case demonstrates a rare clinical presentation of schwannomatosis in addition to a genetic aberration that has not been previously reported in this disease context

Multi-objective genetic algorithms for scheduling of radiotherapy treatments for categorised cancer patients

Abstract. This paper presents a multi-objective optimisation model and algorithms for scheduling of radiotherapy treatments for categorised cancer patients. The model is developed considering real life radiotherapy treatment processes at Arden Cancer Centre, in the UK. The scheduling model considers various real life constraints, such as doctors ’ rota, machine availability, patient’s category, waiting time targets, (i.e., the time when a patient should receive the first treatment fraction), and so on. Two objectives are defined: minimisation of the Average patient’s waiting time and minimisation of Average length of breaches of waiting time targets. Three Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are developed and implemented which treat radiotherapy patient categories, namely emergency, palliative and radical patients in different ways: (1) Standard-GA, which considers all patient categories equally, (2) KB-GA, which has an embedded knowledge on the scheduling of emergency patient category and (3) Weighted-GA, which operates with different weights given to the patient categories. The performance of schedules generated by using the three GAs is compared using the statistical analyses. The results show that KB-GA generated the schedules with best performance considering emergency patients and slightly outperforms the other two GAs when all patient categories are considered simultaneously. KB-GA and Standard-GA generated better performance schedules for emergency and palliative patient

Accounting for City Real Exchange Rate Changes in India

We examine the role of non-traded goods in the city real exchange rate changes in India. Using the Mean Squared Error (MSE) decomposition we find that non-traded goods explain about 30% of the variation of the Indian city real exchange rate changes, rather than the small amount found in other cross-country studies. We also analyze the role of consumption elasticity of substitution between traded and non-traded goods

Oil Prices and Remittances: Impacts of Oil Price Shocks on the Macroeconomy of a Small, Oil Importing, and Labor Exporting Country

We examine the dynamic effects of an oil price shock on a small open economy that imports oil and exports labor to the oil exporting countries. We find that the reduction in output resulting from the oil price shock is at least partially mitigated by an accompanying increase in remittances from the expatriated labor. We also show that with a jump in oil price, domestic labor use decreases and labor export increases, oil consumption falls, and steady-state capital and consumption fall. However, consumption may intially jump up depending on the relative sizes of the negative supply effect and the positive remittance effect. Although consumption will eventually fall below the pre-shock level as steady state is approached, the initial consumption increase may be sufficiently large and long lasting to make the shock scenario welfare improving

A survey on Italian compost dairy barns

Compost-bedded pack barns, generally known as compost dairy barns, are alternative housing systems for dairy cows. In these barns, the whole surface of the resting area is covered with a deep-bedded pack that is frequently stirred in order to incorporate fresh manure into the pack and to enhance the evaporation of water. Experiences with compost bedded pack barns for dairy cows are reported in literature from the USA, Israel, the Netherlands and Austria. The main advantages of these housing systems regard animal welfare and manure management. Since 2006, this housing system has been applied consistently in Italy. However, scientific knowledge about Italian compost barns is still lacking. This study aims at describing housing system, assessing producers’ satisfaction and measuring performance of dairy cows housed in compost bedded pack barns. Ten commercial dairy farms in northern Italy was involved in the study. All pens in each farm were surveyed to determine the surface of total available area, bedded area and pack depth. In order to investigate management practices, labor requirement, consumption of bedding materials and producers satisfaction, a questionnaire was submitted to each farm manager. The temperature of the bedded pack was measured in each farm during summer and winter. Moreover, data from Italian Breeder Association were collected for each herd over a period of one year (from September 2011 to September 2012). For the ten compost barns involved in the study the average total available area was 10.9 m2 per cow and the average pack area was 6.7 m2 per cow. The bedded pack was aerated 1.4 times per day. The most commonly used bedding material in these farms was dry sawdust. The consumption of bedding materials was 8.1 m3 per cow per year. A clear tendency to inverse correlation was found between the space per cow and the amount of bedding needed per cow (R2= 0.395; p-value=0.051). Operations related to pack management require 4.1 hours of labor per cow per year. Direct relationship was found between the bedded area space per cow and the annual labor required for pack management per cow (R2=0.505; p-value=0.048). Performance of cows housed in compost barns included in this study was encouraging and although some concerns about the cost of bedding, overall producers were satisfied with this housing system