Selection signatures in Canchim beef cattle.

Selection signature (SS) was assessed in this study by means of the integrated haplotype score (iHS) method, which determines the decay of homozygosity in the surroundings of a core single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker. Canchim breed animals were genotyped using the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip; which has almost 800 thousand SNP markers. Genotype quality control (QC) was applied to exclude SNP with genotype calling score lower than 0.20; SNP with minor allele frequency lower than 0.01; and call rate for SNP and samples which were lower than 0.95 and 0.90, respectively. Only autosomal SNPs with known genome position were used. After the QC, 687,655 SNPs and 396 samples remained for SS analysis. Signals of SS were detected on chromosomes 5, 6, 8, and 14, indicating that these regions are conserved through recent generations

Selection signatures in Canchim beef cattle.

Selection signature (SS) was assessed in this study by means of the integrated haplotype score (iHS) method, which determines the decay of homozygosity in the surroundings of a core single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker. Canchim breed animals were genotyped using the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip; which has almost 800 thousand SNP markers. Genotype quality control (QC) was applied to exclude SNP with genotype calling score lower than 0.20; SNP with minor allele frequency lower than 0.01; and call rate for SNP and samples which were lower than 0.95 and 0.90, respectively. Only autosomal SNPs with known genome position were used. After the QC, 687,655 SNPs and 396 samples remained for SS analysis. Signals of SS were detected on chromosomes 5, 6, 8, and 14, indicating that these regions are conserved through recent generations

Defining and Tracking Business Start-Ups

This paper addresses a curious disjuncture between one aspect of regional development theory and the empiricism required to test its implications.On the one hand, researchers long have argued that firm births fuel the growth and development of regional economies. Just as long, however, they have employed different, often ad hoc, approaches to the definition and measurement of key concepts and relationships. The inconsistency among the studies in this literature creates a validity problem. We begin by providing an omnibus definition of a start-up that applies to some degree to all the articles we reviewed, namely, that it is new, active, and independent. We explain why all three criteria should be applied, rather than a subset. Second, we review the data sources that are commonly used to identify start-ups, and compare them using seven criteria. We conclude that ES202 data is the best source. Third, we develop a step-by-step tracking system for identifying new firms. By matching ES202 files from two different years and applying direct enumeration techniques, it is possible to identify newly created establish-ments during that time period with accuracy. This article serves both to explain the differences among the published studies of new firms and economic development, and to provide a common standard that can enhance the validity of future work on the topic. Copyright Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2005