Iron segregation in LEC InP crystals

Following the recent results about activation of iron diffused in InP we tried to increase the fraction of electrically active Fe atoms in InP crystals grown by the Liquid Encapsulation Czochralski method (LEC) by applying a type of `in-situ' annealing. Actually, by varying the pulling rate and the cooling rate, we observed that the Feactive/Fetotal ratio can be modified. Though the ratio is normally ranging between 0.60 and 0.70, it is found that the ratio is slightly higher corresponding to low pulling rates and considerably lower for pulling rates >14 mm/h. The purpose of this paper is that of showing how these growth parameters affect the Feactive/Fetotal ratio

Double doping: a method to decrease dislocation densities in LEC InP crystals

In this paper we shall report on the characteristics of LEC InP double doped with Cd and Te. Unlike (Cd,S)-doped material, (Cd, Te)-doped InP is p-type, with low-carrier concentration. In the following, the results of structural and electrical analysis carried out on several LEC InP crystals co-doped with Cd and Te are presented. The role of multiple doping as a strategy for dislocation reduction will also be discussed

Nutrient intakes, nutritional patterns and the risk of liver cirrhosis: An explorative case-control study

: Several experimental studies have suggested that specific nutrients might play a role on the risk of liver damage. nevertheless, few epidemiological studies have evaluated the role of diet on the risk of symptomatic liver cirrhosis, giving contradictory results. To evaluate the role of the intake of nutritional factors and dietary patterns on the risk of symptomatic liver cirrhosis and to examine their combined action with alcohol consumption we used data from the Italian Study on Liver Cirrhosis Determinants project. From 1994 to 1998 all the consecutive cirrhotic inpatients admitted to 19 Italian collaborative hospitals for signs of liver decompensation in whom the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis was made for the first time (259 cases) and one or two gender, age and area of residence matched individuals (416 controls) were recruited. Data on lifetime alcohol intake, usual consumption of 191 food items and on markers of hepatitis B and C viral infection were collected. the analysis of principal components identified a nutritional pattern positively correlated with vegetable and fruit intakes and negatively with animal and no-fruit sugar products. With respect to abstainers, relative risks in consumers of use < or = 25 and > or = 51 g/day of alcohol increased from 0.4 [95% confidence interval 0.0, 5.9] to 9.3 [1.3, 69.0] and from 2.1 [1.1, 4.2] to 18.1 [2.8, 118.3] for the lowest and the highest value of this nutritional pattern, respectively. diet might therefore modulate the damaging effect of alcohol on the liver