Association of Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2, Thioredoxin Interacting Protein, and Heme Oxygenase-1 Gene Polymorphisms with Diabetes and Obesity in Mexican Patients

The nuclear factor-erythroid 2- (NF-E2-) related factor 2 (Nrf2) is abated and its ability to reduce oxidative stress is impaired in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore if polymorphisms in Nrf2 and target genes are associated with diabetes and obesity in Mexican mestizo subjects. The rs1800566 of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) gene, rs7211 of thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) gene, rs2071749 of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) gene, and the rs6721961 and the rs2364723 from Nrf2 gene were genotyped in 627 diabetic subjects and 1020 controls. The results showed that the rs7211 polymorphism is a protective factor against obesity in nondiabetic subjects (CC + CT versus TT, OR = 0.40, P=0.005) and in women (CC versus CT + TT, OR = 0.7, P=0.016). TT carriers had lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and lower body mass index. The rs2071749 was positively associated with obesity (AA versus AG + GG, OR = 1.25, P=0.026). Finally, the rs6721961 was negatively associated with diabetes in men (CC versus CA + AA, OR = 0.62, P=0.003). AA carriers showed lower glucose concentrations. No association was found for rs1800566 and rs2364723 polymorphisms. In conclusion, the presence of Nrf2 and related genes polymorphisms are associated with diabetes and obesity in Mexican patients

Immunogenicity of RV1 and RV5 vaccines administered in standard and interchangeable mixed schedules: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority clinical trial in Mexican infants

IntroductionRotavirus-associated diarrheal diseases significantly burden healthcare systems, particularly affecting infants under five years. Both Rotarix™ (RV1) and RotaTeq™ (RV5) vaccines have been effective but have distinct application schedules and limited interchangeability data. This study aims to provide evidence on the immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety of mixed RV1-RV5 schedules compared to their standard counterparts.MethodsThis randomized, double-blind study evaluated the non-inferiority in terms of immunogenicity of mixed rotavirus vaccine schedules compared to standard RV1 and RV5 schedules in a cohort of 1,498 healthy infants aged 6 to 10 weeks. Participants were randomly assigned to one of seven groups receiving various combinations of RV1, and RV5. Standard RV1 and RV5 schedules served as controls of immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety analysis. IgA antibody levels were measured from blood samples collected before the first dose and one month after the third dose. Non-inferiority was concluded if the reduction in seroresponse rate in the mixed schemes, compared to the standard highest responding scheme, did not exceed the non-inferiority margin of −0.10. Reactogenicity traits and adverse events were monitored for 30 days after each vaccination and analyzed on the entire cohort.ResultsOut of the initial cohort, 1,365 infants completed the study. Immunogenicity analysis included 1,014 infants, considering IgA antibody titers ≥20 U/mL as seropositive. Mixed vaccine schedules demonstrated non-inferiority to standard schedules, with no significant differences in immunogenic response. Safety profiles were comparable across all groups, with no increased incidence of serious adverse events or intussusception.ConclusionThe study confirms that mixed rotavirus vaccine schedules are non-inferior to standard RV1 and RV5 regimens in terms of immunogenicity and safety. This finding supports the flexibility of rotavirus vaccination strategies, particularly in contexts of vaccine shortage or logistic constraints. These results contribute to the global effort to optimize rotavirus vaccination programs for broader and more effective pediatric coverage.Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02193061

Type 2 Diabetes Variants Disrupt Function of SLC16A11 through Two Distinct Mechanisms

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects Latinos at twice the rate seen in populations of European descent. We recently identified a risk haplotype spanning SLC16A11 that explains ∼20% of the increased T2D prevalence in Mexico. Here, through genetic fine-mapping, we define a set of tightly linked variants likely to contain the causal allele(s). We show that variants on the T2D-associated haplotype have two distinct effects: (1) decreasing SLC16A11 expression in liver and (2) disrupting a key interaction with basigin, thereby reducing cell-surface localization. Both independent mechanisms reduce SLC16A11 function and suggest SLC16A11 is the causal gene at this locus. To gain insight into how SLC16A11 disruption impacts T2D risk, we demonstrate that SLC16A11 is a proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter and that genetic perturbation of SLC16A11 induces changes in fatty acid and lipid metabolism that are associated with increased T2D risk. Our findings suggest that increasing SLC16A11 function could be therapeutically beneficial for T2D. Video Abstract [Figure presented] Keywords: type 2 diabetes (T2D); genetics; disease mechanism; SLC16A11; MCT11; solute carrier (SLC); monocarboxylates; fatty acid metabolism; lipid metabolism; precision medicin

La invención del cuerpo atlético

Two mythic figures (one Classic Greek: the “Glowing Body”, another from primitive Christianity: the “Celestial Body”) let me think about the symbolic logic of exclusion which is enacted on the stage in four moments of the Olympic Spectacle. The first has to do with the invention of amateurism in the sporting philosophy of Coubertin, or the class exclusion. The second has to do with the Anthropology Days at the Olympic Games in Saint Louis Missouri in 1904. The third happens in Berlin 1936, and is about the national supremacy. The fourth explores the introduction of the sex test in Mexico City, in 1968. In this fashion, I re-connect the imagined/imaginary embodiment in practices and politics with the outcome of an anthropological rationality of discrimination.A partir de dos imágenes míticas (una procedente de la Grecia clásica, el “cuerpo resplandeciente”, y otra de los albores del cristianismo, el “cuerpo celestial”) se reflexiona sobre la lógica simbólica de la exclusión tal como se pone en acto dentro del escenario de cuatro momentos del espectáculo deportivo olímpico. El primero es la invención del amateurismo en la filosofía deportiva del Barón de Coubertin, o la exclusión de clase. El segundo, las jornadas antropológicas en los Juegos Olímpicos de 1904 en San Luis Missouri, o la exclusión étnica. El tercero, el Desfile de las Naciones en Berlín 1936, o la supremacía nacional. El cuarto, la introducción de la prueba de sexo en México 1968, o la exclusión de género. De esta forma se re-conecta la configuración del cuerpo imaginado/imaginario con las prácticas y las políticas que darán como resultado una racionalidad antropológica de la discriminación

Metabolic Syndrome and Mammographic Density in Premenopausal Chilean Women

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been previously associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Mammographic density (MD) is a marker of breast cancer risk. There is little evidence of an association between MetS and MD in premenopausal women. Methods: Through a cross-sectional study, we evaluated 364 premenopausal Chilean women in which we measured anthropometric, blood pressure, and metabolic markers. MetS and its components were defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Plan III criteria. We estimated MD by absolute dense volume (ADV, cm3), nondense volume (NDV, cm3), and percentage of dense volume (PDV, %). The relationship between MetS and MD was assessed by linear regression models. Results: After adjusting for sociodemographic and gyneco-obstetrics variables, nonsignificant association was found between MetS and ADV (log b D 0.10; 95%CI: ¡0.01, 0.21). However, abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, and number of components of MetS were directly related to higher ADV (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results showed no association between MetS and ADV; nevertheless, abdominal obesity and triglycerides were related to higher ADV. If MD could be modifiable through nutritional factors, it would open new perspectives for the prevention of breast cancer through obesity prevention strategies at population level

Consumo de alimentos y asma en niños escolares de Cuernavaca Food consumption and asthma in school children in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

OBJETIVO:Evaluar la relación entre la dieta y el desarrollo de asma y rinitis alérgica en escolares de Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se aplicó el cuestionario ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) a 5 460 niños de entre 6 a 8 y 11 a 14 años de edad, de nivel primaria, seleccionados de manera aleatoria. Se formaron seis grupos de alimentos a partir de un análisis de clusters jerárquico y se evaluó la relación con los padecimientos a través de modelos de regresión logística. RESULTADOS:El consumo de comida rápida tuvo un efecto adverso sobre la sibilancia actual (RM=1.82; IC95%=1.16-2.87) y el consumo de golosinas sobre más de tres episodios de sibilancia (RM=2.26; IC95%=1.04-4.95) y síntomas nasales sin gripa o catarro (RM=1.35; IC95%=1.06-1.71). CONCLUSIONES:Este estudio provee evidencia de que la dieta juega un papel muy importante, ya que el consumo abundante de comida rápida y golosinas incrementa el riesgo de asma y rinitis.<br>OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the relation between diet and the development of asthma and allergic rhinitis in schoolchildren from Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS:We apply the ISAAC's questionnaire in 5460 schoolchildren from 6 to 8 and 11-14-year-old of elementary level selected in random form. Six groups of food were formed using a hierarchic clusters analysis and the association was evaluated using logistic regression models. RESULTS:The consumption of fast food had an adverse effect for current wheezing (OR=1.82; CI95%=1.16-2.87) and the consumption of tidbits for more than three episodes of wheezing (OR=2.26; CI95%=1.04-4.95) and nasal symptoms without cold, OR=1.35 (IC95%;1.06-1.71). CONCLUSIONS:This study provides evidence that the diet plays a very important role since the high consumption of fast food and tidbits increased the risk of asthma and rhinitis symptoms

Validez en el registro del pico espiratorio máximo de niños asmáticos de la Ciudad de México

Objetivo. Determinar la concordancia entre el pico espiratorio forzado (PEF) registrado por padres de niños asmáticos y el PEF electrónico que es el almacenado en el AirWatch (PEFe). Material y métodos. Se obtuvo el PEF de 42 niños de 5 a 15 años de edad del Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez de la Ciudad de México entre octubre de 1998 y 1999. Los padres registraron el valor máximo del PEF en un diario de salud. Se calculó la correlación de Spearman entre el PEFe y el PEFr. Utilizamos un modelo logístico de efectos mixtos. Resultados. La correlación del PEFe y el PEFr fue r= 0.96 (p<0.05) en niños con diagnóstico de asma moderada o severa y r= 0.40 (p< 0.05) en niños con asma leve. El tiempo de seguimiento y severidad del asma, el género y edad del niño y sus interacciones eran predictores de las diferencias entre el PEFe y el PEFr. Conclusiones. Los padres de niños de 6 a 8 años con asma moderada o severa reportan mejor el PEF en el diario de salud a lo largo del seguimiento que los padres de otros grupos

Validez en el registro del pico espiratorio máximo de niños asmáticos de la Ciudad de México Validity of peak flow record in asthmatic children residing in Mexico City

OBJETIVO: Determinar la concordancia entre el pico espiratorio forzado (PEF) registrado por padres de niños asmáticos y el PEF electrónico que es el almacenado en el AirWatch (PEFe). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se obtuvo el PEF de 42 niños de 5 a 15 años de edad del Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez de la Ciudad de México entre octubre de 1998 y 1999. Los padres registraron el valor máximo del PEF en un diario de salud. Se calculó la correlación de Spearman entre el PEFe y el PEFr. Utilizamos un modelo logístico de efectos mixtos. RESULTADOS: La correlación del PEFe y el PEFr fue r= 0.96 (p<0.05) en niños con diagnóstico de asma moderada o severa y r= 0.40 (p< 0.05) en niños con asma leve. El tiempo de seguimiento y severidad del asma, el género y edad del niño y sus interacciones eran predictores de las diferencias entre el PEFe y el PEFr. CONCLUSIONES: Los padres de niños de 6 a 8 años con asma moderada o severa reportan mejor el PEF en el diario de salud a lo largo del seguimiento que los padres de otros grupos.<br>OBJECTIVE: To determine the concordance between maximum peak expiratory flow records (PEFr) reported by the parents of asthmatic children and the electronic values stored by the AirWatch device (PEFe). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Records of PEF measurements between October 1998 and 1999 were obtained from 42 asthmatic children 5 to 15 years of age recruited at the Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, in Mexico City. Parents recorded the maximum value in the health diary. Spearman correlation was calculated between PEFe and PEFr and a mixed-effects logistic model was used. RESULTS: The correlation between PEFe and PEFr was r=0.96 (p<0.05) among children with a diagnosis of moderate or severe asthma and r=0.40 (p<0.05) among children diagnosed with mild asthma. Follow-up time, asthma severity, gender and age of the child and their interactions were predictors of the differences between PEFe and PEFr. CONCLUSIONS: Parents of children with moderate or severe asthma from 6 to 8 years of age report PEF values with greater accuracy during follow-up than others

Breast-feeding practices in Mexico: results from the Second National Nutrition Survey 1999 Prácticas de lactancia en México: resultados de la Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición 1999

OBJECTIVE: To assess breast-feeding (BF) practices and determinants of exclusive BF (EBF) <4 and <6 months (mo) among women and infants <23 mo in the NNS-1999. MATERIAL AND METHODS: BF practices from the day and night before the interview were ascertained, and median duration estimated. Determinants of EBF<4 and <6 mo were analysed by logistic regression models for complex surveys. RESULTS: Prevalence of EBF<4 mo was 25.7%, and of <6 mo 20.3%. The overall rate of continued BF (second year) was 30.9%, median duration of BF 9 mo, and the national proportion of children ever breast-fed 92.3%. The probability (p) of EBF<4 mo was determined by infant age and sex, by maternal socio-economic level (SEL) and ethnicity, and by the interaction between infant sex and SEL. The pEBF<6 mo was determined by infant age and length, by maternal ethnicity, and employment. CONCLUSIONS: EBF rates and duration are low in Mexico and have improved only slightly in the last 20 y. Infant and maternal characteristics determine the pEBF. If improvements in infant health are a national priority, aggressive interventions to promote and protect BF are urgently needed in Mexico, as well as formal evaluation of current initiatives.<br>OBJETIVO: Evaluar las prácticas de lactancia y las determinantes de la lactancia exclusiva (LE) hasta <4 y <6 m, en mujeres con hijos menores de 24 m de la segunda Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición 1999. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Las prácticas de lactancia se estimaron del día y la noche anteriores a la entrevista. Los determinantes de LE<4m y LE<6m fueron analizados mediante regresión logística para muestras complejas. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de LE<4m fue 25.7%, y <6 m 20.3%. La tasa de lactancia continuada (segundo año) 30.9%, mediana de duración de lactancia 9 m, y proporción de amamantados alguna vez 92.3%. La probabilidad (p)LE<4m estuvo determinada por edad, y el sexo del infante, por el nivel socioeconómico y etnicidad maternas, y por la interacción entre el sexo y el nivel socioeconómico. La p LE<6m estuvo determinada por edad y la longitud del infante y por el empleo, etnicidad y nivel socioeconómico de la madre. CONCLUSIONES: La duración y prevalencia de LE son bajas en México, poco mejores que hace 20 años. Las características del infante y de la madre determinan la p LME. Para promover la salud del niño, es urgente implementar programas agresivos de protección y promoción de la lactancia, así como evaluar y adecuar formalmente los existentes