Total toxic aldicarb residues in coffee fruits and beans after soil application of aldicarb at different intervals before harvesting

Foram determinados os resíduos de aldicarbe, conjuntamente com seus produtos de oxidação sulfóxido e sulfona de aldicarbe, no café em coco, no café beneficiado e nas cascas, torradas ou não, após a aplicação, no solo, de Temik 15 G em cafezal adulto, na dosagem de 16 ou 32 g/cova, em diferentes intervalos antes da colheita. Os resíduos foram extraídos com uma mistura de acetona e água, à qual foram adicionados peróxido de hidrogênio e ácido acético para a oxidação dos resíduos a sulfona de aldicarbe. Após a limpeza do extrato através de partição com diclorometano e coluna de florisil, os resíduos foram determinados em cromatógrafo a gás, equipado com detector fotométrico de chama. Os níveis de resíduos no café em coco foram da ordem de 0,06 ppm; 0,23 ppm; 0,38 ppm; 0,13 ppm e 0,05 ppm, (para a dosagem de 16 g/cova) e de 0,20 ppm; 0,53 ppm; 0,40 ppm; 0,20 ppm e de 0,13 ppm (para a dosagem de 32 g/cova), correspondendo à aplicação feita, respectivamente, aos 15, 30, 45, 60 e 90 dias antes da colheita. Entretanto, análises de cascas e grãos separadamente revelaram que os resíduos concentram-se nas cascas. Nos grãos, os níveis de resíduos foram inferiores ao limite mínimo de detecção pelo método analítico empregado (0,02 ppm). Os níveis de resíduos nas amostras de cascas torradas foram inferiores ao limite de detecção nessas amostras (0,03 ppm), indicando acentuada destruição deles durante o processo de torrefação.This work examined the total toxic aldicarb residues in whole coffee fruits, roasted and non-roasted coffee rind and beans, after a soil application of Temik 15 G (20 ou 40 kg/ha) at different intervals before harvesting. The residues were extrated by blending the sample with a mixture of acetone and water, the aldicarb residues were oxidized to aldicarb sulfone by the addition of acetic acid to the extracting solvent. After appropriate cleanup of the extract on a florisil column, the pesticide residues were determined as aldicarb sulfone by gas chromatography utilizing a flame-photometric detector. The residues found in dried whole fruits were 0.06 ppm, 0.23 ppm, 0.38 ppm, 0.13 ppm and 0.05 ppm for dosage 16 kg/ha and 0.20 ppm, 0.53 ppm, 0.40 ppm, 0.20 ppm and 0.13 ppm (dosage 32 kg/ha), corresponding respectively to the application carried out at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days before harvesting. The residue levels in the rind were much higher than in the beans; the residue concentration in the beans from all treatments was lower than the limit of detection by the analytical method used (0.02 ppm). The residue concentration in roasted rind from all treatments was lower than the limit of detection in roasted samples (0.03 ppm), which indicated that most of the residues were eliminated during the roasting process

Inflamación crónica granulomatosa en el pez teleósteo Piaractus mesopotamicus: modelo de estudio histopatológico

Objective. This study evaluated the cell kinetic and formation of granuloma during chronic inflammation induced by Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in the skeletal muscle of Piaractus mesopotamicus, as a histopathology model to study innate immunity. Materials and methods. Sixty fish were divided in two groups: BCG-inoculated and non-inoculated fish and the inflammatory response analyzed 3, 7, 14, 21 and 33 days post-inoculation (DPI) by histopathology after hematoxylin-eosin and Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Results. 3 DPI of BCG showed a diffuse inflammatory reaction mostly composed by mononuclear cells. The inflammation continued diffuse 7 DPI initiating the cellular organization surrounding the inoculum and have continued at 14 DPI with discrete presence of epithelioid-like type cells with acidophilic cytoplasm and floppy chromatin. Higher cellular organization (21 DPI) surrounding the granuloma with intense peripheral mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate and nevertheless, an increase in the number of fibroblasts and macrophage-like cells was observed. The inflammatory process became less diffuse 33 DPI with formation of small amount of granuloma surrounded by the same type of reaction found in bigger granuloma. Both the young and old granuloma presented typical characteristic around the inoculum composed by a layer of epithelioid-like type cells, besides macrophages, some lymphocytes and abundant fibroblasts. Conclusions. This study showed the feasibility in the use of pacus to study chronic granulomatous inflammatory response induced by BCG, characterized by changes in the kinetics of inflammatory cells in skeletal muscle classifying as immune-epithelioid type, similar to granulomatous inflammation caused by M. marinum in teleost fish.Objetivo. Este estudio evaluó la cinética celular y la formación de granuloma durante la inflamación crónica inducida por el Bacilo Calmette-Guérin (BCG) en el músculo esquelético de Piaractus mesopotamicus, como modelo histopatológico para estudiar la inmunidad innata. Materiales y métodos. Sesenta peces fueron divididos en dos grupos: peces inoculados con BCG y no inoculados y la respuesta inflamatoria analizada en 3, 7, 14, 21 y 33 días post-inóculo (DPI) por medio del análisis histopatológico y tinciones de hematoxilina-eosina y Ziehl-Neelsen. Resultados. 3 DPI de BCG se observó reacción inflamatoria difusa principalmente formada por infiltrado celular mononuclear. Al 7° DPI la inflamación continuaba difusa con inicio de organización celular alrededor del inoculo, que se observó hasta el 14° DPI con discreta presencia de células de tipo epiteliodes con citoplasma acidófilo y cromatina laxa. Para el 21° DPI se observó alta organización celular alrededor del granuloma con intenso infiltrado mononuclear periférico e incremento en el número de fibroblastos y macrófagos. El proceso inflamatorio se tornó menos difuso a los 33 DPI con formación de pequeños granulomas contenidos dentro de uno más grande. Los granulomas formados más rápidamente así como los formados tardíamente, presentaron características típicas alrededor del inóculo compuesta por una camada de células tipo epitelioides, macrófagos, linfocitos y fibroblastos. Conclusiones. Este estudio mostró la viabilidad del uso del P. mesopotamicus para estudiar la respuesta inflamatoria crónica granulomatosa inducida con BCG, caracterizado por la evolución de la cinética de células inflamatorias en el músculo esquelético clasificándolo como de tipo inmune-epitelioide, similar a la inflamación granulomatosa causada por M. marinum en peces teleósteos

Spatio-Temporal Tracking and Phylodynamics of an Urban Dengue 3 Outbreak in São Paulo, Brazil

The dengue virus has a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of ∼10.700 nucleotides with a single open reading frame that encodes three structural (C, prM, and E) and seven nonstructural (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5) proteins. It possesses four antigenically distinct serotypes (DENV 1–4). Many phylogenetic studies address particularities of the different serotypes using convenience samples that are not conducive to a spatio-temporal analysis in a single urban setting. We describe the pattern of spread of distinct lineages of DENV-3 circulating in São José do Rio Preto, Brazil, during 2006. Blood samples from patients presenting dengue-like symptoms were collected for DENV testing. We performed M-N-PCR using primers based on NS5 for virus detection and identification. The fragments were purified from PCR mixtures and sequenced. The positive dengue cases were geo-coded. To type the sequenced samples, 52 reference sequences were aligned. The dataset generated was used for iterative phylogenetic reconstruction with the maximum likelihood criterion. The best demographic model, the rate of growth, rate of evolutionary change, and Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) were estimated. The basic reproductive rate during the epidemics was estimated. We obtained sequences from 82 patients among 174 blood samples. We were able to geo-code 46 sequences. The alignment generated a 399-nucleotide-long dataset with 134 taxa. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that all samples were of DENV-3 and related to strains circulating on the isle of Martinique in 2000–2001. Sixty DENV-3 from São José do Rio Preto formed a monophyletic group (lineage 1), closely related to the remaining 22 isolates (lineage 2). We assumed that these lineages appeared before 2006 in different occasions. By transforming the inferred exponential growth rates into the basic reproductive rate, we obtained values for lineage 1 of R0 = 1.53 and values for lineage 2 of R0 = 1.13. Under the exponential model, TMRCA of lineage 1 dated 1 year and lineage 2 dated 3.4 years before the last sampling. The possibility of inferring the spatio-temporal dynamics from genetic data has been generally little explored, and it may shed light on DENV circulation. The use of both geographic and temporally structured phylogenetic data provided a detailed view on the spread of at least two dengue viral strains in a populated urban area

Erratum to: The study of cardiovascular risk in adolescents – ERICA: rationale, design and sample characteristics of a national survey examining cardiovascular risk factor profile in Brazilian adolescents

1585