The Dalles and Hood River Formations, and the Columbia River Gorge

A definite assignment of geologic dates to the main events of the Cenozoic history of the Columbia Gorge and Columbia plateau-vulcanism, sedimentation, folding, erosion-is manifestly possible only if we know the age of at least some of the formations. Because of their stratigraphic position, the ages of The Dalles beds and of the gravels heretofore known as Satsop lying between the Columbia River lavas and the volcanic Cascades formation in the Gorge have critical value for historical purposes. Some doubt has arisen in recent years regarding the extreme youth heretofore assigned to these sedimentary formations and the consequent recency of the physiographic development of the Columbia River Gorge. The writers and Mr. John H. Maxson devoted about ten days in July 1927 to a study of the region extending from somewhat east of The Dalles to west of Hood River. Efforts were concentrated on securing fossil material from the formations lying on the Columbia lavas and on determining the relations of these formations to each other. A very brief preliminary statement of results has been published. The investigation was made under the general direction of Dr. John C. Merriam, President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, as part of a broad program of Tertiary history' studies in the Northwest

The Dalles and Hood River Formations, and the Columbia River Gorge

A definite assignment of geologic dates to the main events of the Cenozoic history of the Columbia Gorge and Columbia plateau-vulcanism, sedimentation, folding, erosion-is manifestly possible only if we know the age of at least some of the formations. Because of their stratigraphic position, the ages of The Dalles beds and of the gravels heretofore known as Satsop lying between the Columbia River lavas and the volcanic Cascades formation in the Gorge have critical value for historical purposes. Some doubt has arisen in recent years regarding the extreme youth heretofore assigned to these sedimentary formations and the consequent recency of the physiographic development of the Columbia River Gorge. The writers and Mr. John H. Maxson devoted about ten days in July 1927 to a study of the region extending from somewhat east of The Dalles to west of Hood River. Efforts were concentrated on securing fossil material from the formations lying on the Columbia lavas and on determining the relations of these formations to each other. A very brief preliminary statement of results has been published. The investigation was made under the general direction of Dr. John C. Merriam, President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, as part of a broad program of Tertiary history' studies in the Northwest

Age of the "Satsop" and the Dalles Formations of Oregon and Washington

Geologists have differed regarding the ages of the "Satsop" and the Dalles formations of the Columbia River Gorge region. Because of their bearing on the history of the Gorge and for other reasons their ages are important. During a brief investigation of these beds under the auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, the writers secured fragmentary mammalian fossil remains from the Dalles formation representing not a Quaternary, but approximately an upper Miocene or lower Pliocene stage. This age determination is corroborated by the lithologic resemblance of the Dalles beds to the middle Neocene Ellensburg formation of central Washington, by the apparently similar relations of these two formations to the Columbia lavas, and by the induration of the Dalles beds, which is equal to that of lower or middle Neocene deposits of the west, but much greater than that of Quaternary formations

Age of the "Satsop" and the Dalles Formations of Oregon and Washington

Geologists have differed regarding the ages of the "Satsop" and the Dalles formations of the Columbia River Gorge region. Because of their bearing on the history of the Gorge and for other reasons their ages are important. During a brief investigation of these beds under the auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, the writers secured fragmentary mammalian fossil remains from the Dalles formation representing not a Quaternary, but approximately an upper Miocene or lower Pliocene stage. This age determination is corroborated by the lithologic resemblance of the Dalles beds to the middle Neocene Ellensburg formation of central Washington, by the apparently similar relations of these two formations to the Columbia lavas, and by the induration of the Dalles beds, which is equal to that of lower or middle Neocene deposits of the west, but much greater than that of Quaternary formations

Multifractality at the spin quantum Hall transition

Statistical properties of critical wave functions at the spin quantum Hall transition are studied both numerically and analytically (via mapping onto the classical percolation). It is shown that the index $\eta$ characterizing the decay of wave function correlations is equal to 1/4, at variance with the $r^{-1/2}$ decay of the diffusion propagator. The multifractality spectra of eigenfunctions and of two-point conductances are found to be close-to-parabolic, $\Delta_q\simeq q(1-q)/8$ and $X_q\simeq q(3-q)/4$.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Comparative performance of three experimental hut designs for measuring malaria vector responses to insecticides in Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Experimental huts are simplified, standardized representations of human habitations that provide model systems to evaluate insecticides used in indoor residual spray (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) to kill disease vectors. Hut volume, construction materials and size of entry points impact mosquito entry and exposure to insecticides. The performance of three standard experimental hut designs was compared to evaluate insecticide used in LLINs. METHODS: Field studies were conducted at the World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) testing site in Muheza, Tanzania. Three East African huts, three West African huts, and three Ifakara huts were compared using Olyset(®) and Permanet 2.0(®) versus untreated nets as a control. Outcomes measured were mortality, induced exophily (exit rate), blood feeding inhibition and deterrence (entry rate). Data were analysed using linear mixed effect regression and Bland-Altman comparison of paired differences. RESULTS: A total of 613 mosquitoes were collected in 36 nights, of which 13.5% were Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, 21% Anopheles funestus sensu stricto, 38% Mansonia species and 28% Culex species. Ifakara huts caught three times more mosquitoes than the East African and West African huts, while the West African huts caught significantly fewer mosquitoes than the other hut types. Mosquito densities were low, very little mosquito exit was measured in any of the huts with no measurable exophily caused by the use of either Olyset or Permanet. When the huts were directly compared, the West African huts measured greater exophily than other huts. As unholed nets were used in the experiments and few mosquitoes were captured, it was not possible to measure difference in feeding success either between treatments or hut types. In each of the hut types there was increased mortality when Permanet or Olyset were present inside the huts compared to the control, however this did not vary between the hut types. CONCLUSIONS: Both East African and Ifakara huts performed in a similar way although Ifakara huts allowed more mosquitoes to enter, increasing data power. The work convincingly demonstrates that the East African huts and Ifakara huts collect substantially more mosquitoes than the West African huts

On the Classification of Diagonal Coset Modular Invariants

We relate in a novel way the modular matrices of GKO diagonal cosets without fixed points to those of WZNW tensor products. Using this we classify all modular invariant partition functions of $su(3)_k\oplus su(3)_1/su(3)_{k+1}$ for all positive integer level $k$, and $su(2)_k\oplus su(2)_\ell/su(2)_{k+\ell}$ for all $k$ and infinitely many $\ell$ (in fact, for each $k$ a positive density of $\ell$). Of all these classifications, only that for $su(2)_k\oplus su(2)_1/su(2)_{k+1}$ had been known. Our lists include many new invariants.Comment: 24 pp (plain tex

Spin-SS generalization of fractional exclusion statistics

We study fractional exclusion statistics for quantum systems with SU(2) symmetry (arbitrary spin $S$), by generalizing the thermodynamic equations with squeezed strings proposed by Ha and Haldane. The bare hole distributions as well as the statistical interaction defined by an infinite-dimensional matrix specify the universality class. It is shown that the system is described by the level-$2S$ WZW model and has a close relationship to non-abelian fractional quantum Hall states. As a low-energy effective theory, the sector of {\it massless} Z$_{2S}$ parafermions is extracted, whose statistical interaction is given by a finite-dimensional matrix.Comment: 11pages, REVTE

Chern-Simons States at Genus One

We present a rigorous analysis of the Schr\"{o}dinger picture quantization for the $SU(2)$ Chern-Simons theory on 3-manifold torus$\times$line, with insertions of Wilson lines. The quantum states, defined as gauge covariant holomorphic functionals of smooth $su(2)$-connections on the torus, are expressed by degree $2k$ theta-functions satisfying additional conditions. The conditions are obtained by splitting the space of semistable $su(2)$-connections into nine submanifolds and by analyzing the behavior of states at four codimension $1$ strata. We construct the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov-Bernard connection allowing to compare the states for different complex structures of the torus and different positions of the Wilson lines. By letting two Wilson lines come together, we prove a recursion relation for the dimensions of the spaces of states which, together with the (unproven) absence of states for spins\s>{_1\over^2}level implies the Verlinde dimension formula.Comment: 33 pages, IHES/P