GORUĆA GRANICA. Komaprativna studija tršćanskog pitanja i drugih teritorijalnih problema s kojima se Italija suočila nakon poraza u Drugome svjetskom ratu (Sažetak)

The article describes why the Trieste issue is the only one of the territorial disputes Italy had with neighbouring countries at the end of the Second World War that still influences Italian public opinion and policy. The first part of the work briefly describes the problem that Italy had with its former colonies, and with France, Austria and Yugoslavia. While the topic is not discussed in detail for the sake of brevity, emphasis has been placed to the mutual impact each of these territorial issues had on the others during the period when the looming Cold War influenced all of them. The second half of the article explains what made the Trieste issue unique and why it still plays an important role in the Italian national consciousness. The article is based on Italian, Croatian and Slovenian historiography and refers, for specific aspects, to documents from the Office of the Marshal of Yugoslavia (Fond 836 - Arhiv Jugoslavije) and the Political Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serbia (PA - DAMSP).U članku se objašnjava zašto je, od svih teritorijalnih pitanja koja je Italija imala sa zemljama u susjedstvu na kraju Drugog svjetskog rata, tršćansko jedino koje još uvijek utječe na talijansko javno mnijenje i politiku. U prvom se dijelu članka ukratko opisuje teritorijalni spor koji je Italija imala s Francuskom, talijanskim bivšim kolonijama, Austrijom i Jugoslavijom. Ta su pitanja promatrana u glavnim crtama radi konciznosti, s fokusom na uzajamni utjecaj koji su međusobno imali jedna na druge u fazi kad je početak hladnog rata utjecao na sve njih. U drugom se dijelu članka objašnjava zašto je tršćansko pitanje tako posebno i zašto još uvijek igra važnu ulogu u talijanskoj nacionalnoj svijesti. Članak se temelji na radovima talijanske, hrvatske i slovenske historiografije, a kako bi se bolje objasnilo određene detalje, korišteno je nekoliko dokumenata iz Kancelarije Maršala Jugoslavije (Fond 836 - Arhiv Jugoslavije) te Političkog arhiva Ministarstva vanjskih poslova Republike Srbije (PA - DAMSP)

GORUĆA GRANICA. Komaprativna studija tršćanskog pitanja i drugih teritorijalnih problema s kojima se Italija suočila nakon poraza u Drugome svjetskom ratu (Sažetak)

The article describes why the Trieste issue is the only one of the territorial disputes Italy had with neighbouring countries at the end of the Second World War that still influences Italian public opinion and policy. The first part of the work briefly describes the problem that Italy had with its former colonies, and with France, Austria and Yugoslavia. While the topic is not discussed in detail for the sake of brevity, emphasis has been placed to the mutual impact each of these territorial issues had on the others during the period when the looming Cold War influenced all of them. The second half of the article explains what made the Trieste issue unique and why it still plays an important role in the Italian national consciousness. The article is based on Italian, Croatian and Slovenian historiography and refers, for specific aspects, to documents from the Office of the Marshal of Yugoslavia (Fond 836 - Arhiv Jugoslavije) and the Political Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serbia (PA - DAMSP).U članku se objašnjava zašto je, od svih teritorijalnih pitanja koja je Italija imala sa zemljama u susjedstvu na kraju Drugog svjetskog rata, tršćansko jedino koje još uvijek utječe na talijansko javno mnijenje i politiku. U prvom se dijelu članka ukratko opisuje teritorijalni spor koji je Italija imala s Francuskom, talijanskim bivšim kolonijama, Austrijom i Jugoslavijom. Ta su pitanja promatrana u glavnim crtama radi konciznosti, s fokusom na uzajamni utjecaj koji su međusobno imali jedna na druge u fazi kad je početak hladnog rata utjecao na sve njih. U drugom se dijelu članka objašnjava zašto je tršćansko pitanje tako posebno i zašto još uvijek igra važnu ulogu u talijanskoj nacionalnoj svijesti. Članak se temelji na radovima talijanske, hrvatske i slovenske historiografije, a kako bi se bolje objasnilo određene detalje, korišteno je nekoliko dokumenata iz Kancelarije Maršala Jugoslavije (Fond 836 - Arhiv Jugoslavije) te Političkog arhiva Ministarstva vanjskih poslova Republike Srbije (PA - DAMSP)

Politics of memory for post-ideological times: The Case of Italy

Gdje su izvori i koji su razlozi procesa povijesnog revizionizma koji se od devedesetih sve jače i češće pojavljuje u raznim europskih zemljama i koje bi mogle biti njegove posljedice na odnose između zemalja članica Europske unije? Kako spriječiti sukob oko interpretacije povijesti koji utječe na samu srž pojma europske konfederacije? Članak pokušava dati odgovor na ta pitanja polazeći od analize razloga krize antifašizma, kao i drugih političkih i kulturnih faktora koji su ukorijenjeni u događajima iz devedesetih te s kraja Hladnog rata i rušenja komunističkih režima u srednjoj i istočnoj Europi. Konkretno istraživanje odnosi se na slučaj Italije, gdje se “bitka sjećanja” i revizionizma vodi oko tzv. fojbi, istarskih kraških jama u kojima je stradalo nekoliko stotina Talijana za vrijeme ustanka u jesen 1943. godine. Tijekom zadnjih dvadeset godina taj povijesni događaj, o kojem skoro nitko ništa nije znao i koji je imao marginalnu ulogu u širem kontekstu talijanskog sudjelovanja u Drugom svjetskom ratu, postao je povijesni mit sa svojim službenim “danom sjećanja”, uzdignutim na razinu Dana sjećanja na Holokaust. Budući da je 2007. godine upravo oko sjećanja na fojbe došlo do diplomatskog sukoba između predsjednikâ Italije i Hrvatske, Giorgia Napolitana i Stjepana Mesića, sukoba koji je kasnije riješen potpisivanjem sporazuma o povijesnom pomirenju između Italije, Hrvatske i Slovenije u Trstu 2010. godine, fojbe su predstavljale izvrstan primjer analize “rata” na području interpretacije povijesti koji se nedavno pojavio u više krajeva Europe i koji ugrožava međunarodne odnose, ali i stanja unutar pojedinih država.Where are the sources and what are the reasons for the process of historical revisionism that emerged in many European countries in the beginning of the nineties? Is it possible to avoid conflicts around different interpretations of history that affect the core of the concept of European integration? The article is focused on the crisis of antifascist interpretation of the past in Italy, which is rooted in the events of the nineties. In particular, two events and processes have shaken the dominant discourses: the end of the Cold war and the collapse of communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe. The focus of the research is on the Italian case, where the war of memories mainly revolved around the so-called foibe, the Istrian carsic caves in which hundreds of Italians perished in the Autumn of 1943. In the span of twenty years a historic event that only a few knew about and which played a marginal role in the bigger picture of the Italian engagement in WWII has been transformed into a historic myth with its official “Remembrance day” and put at the same level of importance as the memory of the Shoah. The new official politics of remembering the victims of the foibe has triggered a diplomatic crisis between Italy and Croatia, which has later been solved with the signing of a memorandum on historic reconciliation in Trieste in 2010 (jointly with Slovenia). The foibe case is here placed into a wider context of revisionism in interpretation of history of the Second World War and of immediate post-War events, which is currently happening in many parts of Europe – not only former Eastern Europe – and which may complicate bilateral relations between various countries, but also wider international relations

Communists of a different kind: the pro-Yugoslav trend in Italy (1948-1962)

The article aimes to present an overview of the Yugoslavian political influence in Italy from the expulsion from the Cominform till the final discharge of the pro-Yugoslavian Italian party Unione socialista indipendente. The authors based the preparation of the article on the outcomes of the Italian and post-Yugoslavian historiography and in particular on former Yugoslav archive documents. The so far developed researches about the topic have been driven by a special attention on the two members of parliament of the Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano) Aldo Cucchi and Valdo Magnani that were expelled from their party and basically supported and funded by the Yugoslavian government. Starting from that, the current work provides a broader overview of the actions that Yugoslavia engaged in Italy and it wants also to reach a final evaluation

Disaggregating the SWOT Analysis of Marine Renewable Energies

Energy transitions require strategic plans that minimize inefficiencies and maximize energy production in a sustainable way. This aspect is fundamental in the case of innovative technologies based on marine renewable energies. Marine renewable energies involve problems and advantages which imply a reconceptualization of marine space and its management. Through an holistic SWOT analysis the main strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are highlighted in this paper, considering social, economic, legal, technological, and environmental dimensions. We disaggregate the SWOT analysis for marine renewable energy technologies in order to create an overview of pros and cons for every dimension and better identify specific hotspots and possible solutions in different fields

Hematopoietic reconstitution dynamics of mobilized- and bone marrow-derived human hematopoietic stem cells after gene therapy

Mobilized peripheral blood is increasingly used instead of bone marrow as a source of autologous hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells for ex vivo gene therapy. Here, we present an unplanned exploratory analysis evaluating the hematopoietic reconstitution kinetics, engraftment and clonality in 13 pediatric Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome patients treated with autologous lentiviral-vector transduced hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells derived from mobilized peripheral blood (n = 7), bone marrow (n = 5) or the combination of the two sources (n = 1). 8 out of 13 gene therapy patients were enrolled in an open-label, non-randomized, phase 1/2 clinical study (NCT01515462) and the remaining 5 patients were treated under expanded access programs. Although mobilized peripheral blood- and bone marrow- hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells display similar capability of being gene-corrected, maintaining the engineered grafts up to 3 years after gene therapy, mobilized peripheral blood-gene therapy group shows faster neutrophil and platelet recovery, higher number of engrafted clones and increased gene correction in the myeloid lineage which correlate with higher amount of primitive and myeloid progenitors contained in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells derived from mobilized peripheral blood. In vitro differentiation and transplantation studies in mice confirm that primitive hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from both sources have comparable engraftment and multilineage differentiation potential. Altogether, our analyses reveal that the differential behavior after gene therapy of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells derived from either bone marrow or mobilized peripheral blood is mainly due to the distinct cell composition rather than functional differences of the infused cell products, providing new frames of references for clinical interpretation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell transplantation outcome.</p

Aging in multiple sclerosis: from childhood to old age, etiopathogenesis, and unmet needs: a narrative review

Multiple sclerosis (MS) primarily affects adult females. However, in the last decades, rising incidence and prevalence have been observed for demographic extremes, such as pediatric-onset MS (POMS; occurring before 18 years of age) and late-onset MS (corresponding to an onset above 50 years). These categories show peculiar clinical-pathogenetic characteristics, aging processes and disease courses, therapeutic options, and unmet needs. Nonetheless, several open questions are still pending. POMS patients display an important contribution of multiple genetic and environmental factors such as EBV, while in LOMS, hormonal changes and pollution may represent disease triggers. In both categories, immunosenescence emerges as a pathogenic driver of the disease, particularly for LOMS. In both populations, patient and caregiver engagement are essential from the diagnosis communication to early treatment of disease-modifying therapy (DMTs), which in the elderly population appears more complex and less proven in terms of efficacy and safety. Digital technologies (e.g., exergames and e-training) have recently emerged with promising results, particularly in treating and following motor and cognitive deficits. However, this offer seems more feasible for POMS, being LOMS less familiar with digital technology. In this narrative review, we discuss how the aging process influences the pathogenesis, disease course, and therapeutic options of both POMS and LOMS. Finally, we evaluate the impact of new digital communication tools, which greatly interest the current and future management of POMS and LOMS patients

Nuclear Medicine in Pediatric Nephro-Urology: An Overview.

In the context of ante-natally diagnosed hydronephrosis, the vast majority of children with a dilated renal pelvis do not need any surgical treatment, as the dilatation resolves spontaneously with time. Slow drainage demonstrated at Tc-99m-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) renography does not necessarily mean obstruction. Obstruction is defined as resistance to urinary outflow with urinary stasis at the level of the pelvic-ureteric junction (PUJ) which, if left untreated, will damage the kidney. Unfortunately this definition is retrospective and not clinically helpful. Therefore, the identification of the kidney at risk of losing function in an asymptomatic patient is a major research goal. In the context of renovascular hypertension a DMSA scan can be useful before and after revascularisation procedures (angioplasty or surgery) to assess for gain in kidney function. Renal calculi are increasingly frequent in children. Whilst the vast majority of patients with renal stones do not need functional imaging, DMSA scans with SPECT and a low dose limited CT can be very helpful in the case of complex renal calculi. Congenital renal anomalies such as duplex kidneys, horseshoe kidneys, crossed-fused kidneys and multi-cystic dysplastic kidneys greatly benefit from functional imaging to identify regional parenchymal function, thus directing further management. Positron emission tomography (PET) is being actively tested in genito-urinary malignancies. Encouraging initial reports suggest that F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET is more sensitive than CT in the assessment of lymph nodal metastases in patients with genito-urinary sarcomas; an increased sensitivity in comparison to isotope bone scans for skeletal metastatic disease has also been reported. Further evaluation is necessary, especially with the promising advent of PET/MRI scanners. Nuclear Medicine in paediatric nephro-urology has stood the test of time and is opening up to new exciting developments

COVID-19 Severity in Multiple Sclerosis: Putting Data Into Context

Background and objectives: It is unclear how multiple sclerosis (MS) affects the severity of COVID-19. The aim of this study is to compare COVID-19-related outcomes collected in an Italian cohort of patients with MS with the outcomes expected in the age- and sex-matched Italian population. Methods: Hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and death after COVID-19 diagnosis of 1,362 patients with MS were compared with the age- and sex-matched Italian population in a retrospective observational case-cohort study with population-based control. The observed vs the expected events were compared in the whole MS cohort and in different subgroups (higher risk: Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] score &gt; 3 or at least 1 comorbidity, lower risk: EDSS score ≤ 3 and no comorbidities) by the χ2 test, and the risk excess was quantified by risk ratios (RRs). Results: The risk of severe events was about twice the risk in the age- and sex-matched Italian population: RR = 2.12 for hospitalization (p &lt; 0.001), RR = 2.19 for ICU admission (p &lt; 0.001), and RR = 2.43 for death (p &lt; 0.001). The excess of risk was confined to the higher-risk group (n = 553). In lower-risk patients (n = 809), the rate of events was close to that of the Italian age- and sex-matched population (RR = 1.12 for hospitalization, RR = 1.52 for ICU admission, and RR = 1.19 for death). In the lower-risk group, an increased hospitalization risk was detected in patients on anti-CD20 (RR = 3.03, p = 0.005), whereas a decrease was detected in patients on interferon (0 observed vs 4 expected events, p = 0.04). Discussion: Overall, the MS cohort had a risk of severe events that is twice the risk than the age- and sex-matched Italian population. This excess of risk is mainly explained by the EDSS score and comorbidities, whereas a residual increase of hospitalization risk was observed in patients on anti-CD20 therapies and a decrease in people on interferon