Research and development technique for estimating airflow and diffusion parameters in connection with the Atmospheric Water Resources Program: interim report

CER70-71MMO78.Period September 2, 1970 to February 28, 1971.Includes bibliographical references (pages 38-39).Atmospheric Water Resources Research, Bureau of Reclamation, Contract No. 14-06-0-6842.This report presents a summary of the research and tentative findings on the use of scaled topographic models and laboratory techniques to study the transport and dispersion of cloud seeding material over mountainous terrain. Three mountainous areas along the continental divide have been selected by the Bureau of Reclamation for such studies. Each area has cloud seeding programs in progress

Research and development technique for estimating airflow and diffusion parameters in connection with the Atmospheric Water Resources Program : final report

CER69-70JEC-LOG-MMO-11.August 1969.Includes bibliographical references (pages 47-48).Period March 15, 1968 to June 30, 1969 Atmospheric Water Resources Research Bureau of Reclamation Contract No. 14-06-D-6455.A stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer was simulated in a wind tunnel and utilized to determine radioactive krypton dispersion patterns over a 1:9600 scale model of the Eagle River Valley and topography surrounding Climax, Colorado. Geometric, dynamic, and thermal similarity are considered, primarily, for barostromatic airflow. Similarity criteria for transport and dispersion are considered also. This is the first time that a barostromatic airflow produced by cooling with dry ice has been documented by temperature and velocity profile measurements. Field Gata indicate that airflow and temperature characteristics over the model are approximately similar to a prototype storm. Dispersion measurements were taken by using sources representative of field ground sources. Model and field measurements confirm that seeding nuclei are reaching the target area from the present existing ground sources. Limited field measurements of ice nuclei concentrations at Chalk Mountain show a variation of 5 to 300 part./liter or XU/Q ~ 1 x 10 -9m-2 to 68 x 10-9m-2. Concentration values deduced from radioactive gas measurements over the model show values within the same range but closer to the optimum values indicated by present cloud physics models, i.e., XU/Q ~ 15 to 18 x 10-9m-2. The barostromatic airflow model indicated that topography plays an important role in determining the downwind direction of the particulate plume.Under contract no. 14-06-D-6455

Delivery of nucleating materials to cloud systems from individual ground generators

CER69-70LOG-JEC-MMO24.February 1968.Includes bibliographical references (pages 40-42).Presented to the Bureau of Reclamation Third Skywater Conference on the Production and Delivery of Cloud Nucleating Materials February 14-16, 1968.Delivery of nucleating materials to cloud systems from individual ground generators can play an important role in the beneficial modification of orographic cloud systems. Substantial evidence from the Colorado State University mountain study at Climax is presented to show that ground-released seeding materials do under some weather situations in fact enter the mountain cloud systems and produce changes in the precipitation. Evidence is also presented to show that under other weather situations seeding materials are not carried to the proper clouds at a place and time to be of value. A discussion of atmospheric transport mechanisms is presented to serve as a basis for understanding the motions of seeding materials once released from a ground source. The approaches, or directions, for further research are discussed. This includes consideration of the coagulation problem in the vicinity of the generator site. The use of wind tunnel modeling, which can provide basic information and specific results for specific areas, is emphasized

Open surgical partial nephrectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/106973/1/iju12301.pd

‘Should I get a PSA test?’ – the question is not that simple

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113754/1/tre484.pd

Organohalogen contaminants and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and cerebellum gray matter in short-beaked common dolphins and Atlantic white-sided dolphins from the western North Atlantic

Author Posting. © The Authors, 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Environmental Pollution 157 (2009):2345-2358, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.03.024.Concentrations of several congeners and classes of organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) and/or their metabolites, namely organochlorine pesticides (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated-PCBs (OH-PCBs), methylsulfonyl-PCBs (MeSO2-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, and OH-PBDEs, were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of short-beaked common dolphins (n = 2), Atlantic white-sided dolphins (n = 8), and gray seal (n = 1) from the western North Atlantic. In three Atlantic white-sided dolphins, cerebellum gray matter (GM) was also analyzed. The levels of OCs, PCBs, MeSO2-PCBs, PBDEs, and OH-PBDEs in cerebellum GM were higher than the concentrations in CSF. 4-OH-2,3,3’,4’,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (4-OH-CB107) was the only detectable OH-PCB congener present in CSF. The sum (Σ) OH-PCBs/ Σ PCB concentration ratio in CSF was approximately two to three orders of magnitude greater than the ratio in cerebellum GM for dolphins.This study was supported through an Environmental Protection Agency STAR fellowship (U-91616101-2) and a National Woman’s Farm and Garden Association Scholarship awarded to Dr. Eric Montie, and by the WHOI Ocean Life Institute, the Quebec Labrador Fund/Atlantic Center for the Environment, the WHOI Academic Programs Office, the Sawyer Endowment, Walter A. and Hope Noyes Smith, and Dr. David Mann at the University of South Florida

A quantum point contact for neutral atoms

We show that the conductance of neutral atoms through a tightly confining waveguide constriction is quantized in units of lambda_dB^2/pi, where lambda_dB is the de Broglie wavelength of the incident atoms. Such a constriction forms the atom analogue of an electron quantum point contact and is an example of quantum transport of neutral atoms in an aperiodic system. We present a practical constriction geometry that can be realized using a microfabricated magnetic waveguide, and discuss how a pair of such constrictions can be used to study the quantum statistics of weakly interacting gases in small traps.Comment: 5 pages with 3 figures. To appear in Phys. Rev. Let

Racial differences in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time, histopathological variables and long-term PSA recurrence between African-American and white American men undergoing radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer

To determine if there are significant differences in biochemical characteristics, biopsy variables, histopathological data, and rates of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence between African-American (AA) and white American (WA) men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP), as AA men are twice as likely to die from prostate cancer than their white counterparts. PATIENTS AND METHODS We established a cohort of 1058 patients (402 AA, 646 WA) who had RP and were followed for PSA recurrence. Age, race, serum PSA, biopsy Gleason score, clinical stage, pathological stage, and PSA recurrence data were available for the cohort. The chi-square test of proportions and t -tests were used to assess basic associations with race, and log-rank tests and Cox regression models for time to PSA recurrence. Forward stepwise variable selection was used to assess the effect on the risk of PSA recurrence for race, adjusted by the other variables added one at a time. RESULTS The AA men had higher baseline PSA levels, more high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) in the biopsy, and more HGPIN in the pathology specimen than WA men. The AA men also had a shorter mean (sd) PSA doubling time before RP, at 4.2 (4.7) vs 5.2 (5.9) years. However, race was not an independent predictor of PSA recurrence ( P  = 0.225). Important predictors for PSA recurrence in a multivariable model were biopsy HGPIN ( P  < 0.014), unilateral vs bilateral cancer ( P  < 0.006), pathology Gleason score and positive margin status (both P  < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that while there are racial differences in baseline serum PSA and incidence of HGPIN, race is not an independent risk factor for PSA recurrence. Rather, other variables such as pathology Gleason score, bilateral cancers, HGPIN and margin positivity are independently associated with PSA recurrence. The PSA doubling time after recurrence may also be important, leading to the increased mortality of AA men with prostate cancer.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74706/1/j.1464-410X.2005.05561.x.pd

An open label, dose response study to determine the effect of a dietary supplement on dihydrotestosterone, testosterone and estradiol levels in healthy males

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Maintaining endogenous testosterone (T) levels as men age may slow the symptoms of sarcopenia, andropause and decline in physical performance. Drugs inhibiting the enzyme 5α-reductase (5AR) produce increased blood levels of T and decreased levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). However, symptoms of gynecomastia have been reported due to the aromatase (AER) enzyme converting excess T to estradiol (ES). The carotenoid astaxanthin (AX) from <it>Haematococcus pluvialis</it>, Saw Palmetto berry lipid extract (SPLE) from <it>Serenoa repens </it>and the precise combination of these dietary supplements, Alphastat^®(Mytosterone(™)), have been reported to have inhibitory effects on both 5AR and AER in-vitro. Concomitant regulation of both enzymes in-vivo would cause DHT and ES blood levels to decrease and T levels to increase. The purpose of this clinical study was to determine if patented Alphastat^®(Mytosterone(™)) could produce these effects in a dose dependent manner.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To investigate this clinically, 42 healthy males ages 37 to 70 years were divided into two groups of twenty-one and dosed with either 800 mg/day or 2000 mg/day of Alphastat^®(Mytosterone(™)) for fourteen days. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 3, 7 and 14 and assayed for T, DHT and ES. Body weight and blood pressure data were collected prior to blood collection. One-way, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA-RM) was performed at a significance level of alpha = 0.05 to determine differences from baseline within each group. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA-2) was performed after baseline subtraction, at a significance level of alpha = 0.05 to determine differences between dose groups. Results are expressed as means ± SEM.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>ANOVA-RM showed significant within group increases in serum total T and significant decreases in serum DHT from baseline in both dose groups at a significance level of alpha = 0.05. Significant decreases in serum ES are reported for the 2000 mg/day dose group and not the 800 mg/day dose group. Significant within group effects were confirmed using ANOVA-2 analyses after baseline subtraction. ANOVA-2 analyses also showed no significant difference between dose groups with regard to the increase of T or the decrease of DHT. It did show a significant dose dependant decrease in serum ES levels.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Both dose groups showed significant (p = 0.05) increases in T and decreases in DHT within three days of treatment with Alphastat^®(Mytosterone(™)). Between group statistical analysis showed no significant (p = 0.05) difference, indicating the effect was not dose dependent and that 800 mg/per day is equally effective as 2000 mg/day for increasing T and lowering DHT. Blood levels of ES however, decreased significantly (p = 0.05) in the 2000 mg/day dose group but not in the 800 mg/day dose group indicating a dose dependant decrease in E levels.</p