Determination of the main agricultural crops for the Metropolitan Puebla-Tlaxcala area using the Papadakis Methodology

Objective: The objective of this study is the application of methods to identify areas with potential for agricultural   Design/methodology/approach: The process was through calculations using monthly data, applying the Papadakis Methodology that was obtained in April 2022 from the database of the Mexican Institute of Water Technology (IMTA); Results: Potential areas were identified within the study area, through the Papadakis classification that contemplated five categories for crops such as: Optimal, very adequate, adequate, acceptable and unacceptable areas.   Limitations on study/implications:   It is desirable that the technological tools applied to agriculture can be easily exploited to achieve better results, proposing potential areas for peri-urban urban areas.   Findings/conclusions:   One of the major concerns for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is the loss of soils suitable for agricultural production. Peri-urban urban agriculture (UPA) takes relevance in the production of available food as an irreplaceable tool in the context of food and sustainability in urban areas. According to the present, this type of UPA is seeking to be recognized by political agendas and that the production obtained by this type of agricultural system can have a market where it can be offered. In addition to being considered as an alternative for the food security of the most unprotected localities in urban areas.agricultural crops in the Puebla-Tlaxcala Metropolitan Area (ZMPT). Design/methodology/approach: From April to June 2022, the classification process for identifying the main crops in the ZMPT was conducted. This process utilized monthly climatic data from the Mexican Institute of Water Technology (IMTA), analyzed through the Papadakis methodology (1970). Subsequently, the results were mapped using the Weighted Overlay (WO) tool in ArcGIS v.10.2. Results: The Papadakis methodology identified 10 seasonal crop types, particularly for summer and winter. The WO tool categorized potential areas into five classes: optimal, highly suitable, acceptable, and unacceptable for the establishment of several crops. Limitations on study/implications: This study has limitations due to incomplete and scarce databases and the complexity and cost associated with the software used. However, the implications for agriculture include the potential to enhance and diversify agricultural production by identifying optimal areas for establishment, especially in urban-peri-urban agricultural areas (UPAs). Findings/conclusions: This study successfully identified the main crops cultivated in the ZMPT and highlighted potential areas for their establishment. The generated cartographic information enables the strategic distribution of productive agricultural systems, particularly in UPAs, to adapt to regional climate fluctuations in the short, medium, and long term. Besides, an adequate distribution in the implementation of productive agricultural systems, particularly in UPAs, depending on fluctuations in the climatic conditions of the region

Forest Fires, Land Use Changes and Their Impact on Hydrological Balance in Temperate Forests of Central Mexico

Temperate forests play a fundamental role in the provision, regulation, and support of hydrological environmental services, but they are subject to constant changes in land use (clearing, overgrazing, deforestation, and forest fires) that upset the hydrological balance. Through scenarios simulated with the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) hydrological model, the present study analyzes the effects of forest fires and land use changes on the hydrological balance in the microwatersheds of central Mexico. The land use changes that took place between 1995 and 2021 were estimated, and projections based on the current scenario were made. Two trend scenarios were proposed for 2047: one with a positive trend (forest permanence) and the other with a negative trend (loss of cover from forest fires). The results show that with permanence or an increase in forest area, the surface runoff would decrease by 48.2%, increasing the base flow by 37% and the soil moisture by 2.3%. If forest is lost, surface runoff would increase up to 454%, and soil moisture would decrease by 27%. If the current forest decline trends continue, then there will be negative alterations in hydrological processes: a reduction in the interception of precipitation by the canopy and an increase in the velocity and flow of surface runoff, among others. The final result will be a lower amount of water being infiltrated into the soil and stored in the subsoil. The provision of hydrological environmental services depends on the maintenance of forest cover

Aptitud actual bajo escenariosde cambio climáticopara trescultivos en México

For the agricultural land area of Mexico, the areas with different degrees of aptitudefor corn, sorghum and wheat were determined, all under temporary conditions, for the current conditions and with climate change scenarios estimated with the GFDL, HAGDEMand REA models; for the RCP of 4.5 and 8.5 Wm-2. The proportion of agricultural land with some degree of aptitudefor current conditions is as follows: corn 81.59%, sorghum 61.54% and wheat 26.95%. Of the climatic variables that determine the lack of aptitude in corn and wheat in agricultural areas, it is mainly the annual mean temperature alone or in combination with the precipitation, in sorghum it is mainly the annual mean precipitation alone or in combination with the annual average temperature. For climate change scenarios, with the exception of sorghum, the other two crops considerably reduce the proportion of agricultural land area with some degree of aptitudefor these. Increasing the annual mean temperature to values above the threshold at which corn and wheat crops are grown is the main cause of loss of aptitude. The determination of the degree of change associated with climate change can be used to develop public policies to address the problem of decreasing or losing the development capacity of cropsPara la superficie de las tierras agrícolas de México se determinaron las áreas con diferentes grados de aptitud para maíz, sorgoy trigo,todos bajo temporal, para las condiciones actuales y con escenarios de cambio climático estimados con losmodelos GFDL, HAGDEM y REA; para los RCP de 4.5 y 8.5 Wm-2. La proporción de las tierras agrícolas con algún grado de aptitud para las condiciones actuales esla siguiente: maíz 81.59%, sorgo 61.54%y trigo 26.95%.De las variables climáticas que determinan la falta de aptitud en el maíz y el trigo en las áreas agrícolas es principalmente la temperatura media anual solao en combinación con la precipitación, en el sorgo es principalmente la precipitación media anual sola o en combinación con la temperatura media anual.Para los escenarios de cambio climático, con excepción del sorgo, los otros doscultivos disminuyende forma considerable la proporción de la superficie de las tierras agrícolas con algún grado de aptitud para estos. El incremento de la temperatura media anual a valores mayores del umbral en que se desarrollan los cultivos de maíz y trigo es la principal causa de perdida de aptitud. La determinación del cambio del grado de aptitud asociada al cambio climático puede usarse para desarrollar políticas públicas para atender la problemática de disminución o perdida de la capacidad de desarrollo de los cultivo

CLIMATE CHANGE IN CENTRAL MEXICO: IMPACT ON BARLEY PRODUCTION (Hordeum vulgare) IN TLAXCALA

Historical production of barley for ten years (2003-2012) as well as under climate change scenarios for near future (2015-2039) and for near future (2075-2099) in Calpulalpan, Tlaxcala was evaluated. An assessment of suitable regions for production was performed as well as historical performance and barley considering future climate change scenarios through the model AquaCrop (FAO) also was estimated. Finally, the average production costs in the region were estimated through surveys with barley producers. The results show that over 70% of the area of the municipality has some degree of aptitude for producing barley. Climate change scenarios indicate increases proficiency in 2% of the surface and reductions of up to 16%. The production model shows very close results with those obtained by farmers in the municipality yields (2.53 t/ha), thus estimated future changes show a decline in yields of about 5% up to 100% depending on the future horizon. Considering current production costs, the benefit-cost relationship could be reduced from 1.4 and to 0.0 in the future. This will certainly affect the economy of the producers in the region

Distribución del cedro rojo (Cedrela odorata L.) en el estado de Hidalgo, bajo condiciones actuales y escenarios de cambio climático

Abstract The potential climatic areas for the distribution of red cedar (Cedrela odorata L.) were obtained in the state of Hidalgo under actual conditions, with meteorological information of 1961-1990 as base line, and under climate change conditions wich were obtained with two models: GFDL-R30 and HadCM3 for two time scenarios (2020 and 2050). The adjustment rates in temperature and rainfall obtained for each model were applied on climatic influence areas delimitated according to Gómez et al. (2006). A soil moisture balance in the state’s surface was calculated under current and climate change conditions using the Thornthwaite, modified version III methodology (Monterroso and Gómez, 2003). The present percentage of the state surface with the vegetation types associated with red cedar is of 9,8% and the surface percentage estimated with some degree of suitability for this specie, using the climatic characteristics of the baseline scenario, is of 30,4%. The results of applied GFDL-R30 model shows an increment on the total surface with some degree of suitability with respect of the baseline scenario of 3,1% and 4,4% for the years 2020 and 2050, respectively, with a differential increment within the suitability classes. The surface estimated with some degree of suitability applying the HadCM3 model shows a decrement of 0,9% for the year 2020 and 0,2% for 2050. However, the class of Moderate suitable, change from 10,5% on the baseline scenario to 0% and 1,3% for the years 2020 and 2050, respectively, with almost all the areas in the lowest level of suitability.Resumen Se obtuvieron las áreas climáticas potenciales de distribución del cedro rojo (Cedrela odorataL.) en el estado de Hidalgo bajo condiciones actuales, con información meteorológica de 1961-1990 como escenario base, y bajo escenarios de cambio climático obtenidos con los modelos GFDL-R30 y el HadCM3 para los años 2020 y 2050. Se aplicaron las tasas de cambio en temperatura y precipitación sobre las áreas de influencia climática delimitadas de acuerdo a Gómezet al.(2006). Se realizó un balance de humedad bajo condiciones actuales y de cambio climático aplicando la metodología de Thornthwaite modificada versión III (Monterroso y Gómez, 2003). Actualmente se reporta 9,8% de la superficie del estado con tipos de vegetación con los que se asocia el cedro rojo, y las estimaciones con las características climáticas del escenario base muestran que el 30,4% del estado presenta algún grado de aptitud para el desarrollo de esta especie. Los resultados del modelo GFDL-R30 indican un incremento en la superficie con algún nivel de aptitud, con respecto al escenario base, de 3,1% y 4,4% para el año 2020 y 2050, respectivamente. El aumento es diferencial dentro de las clases de aptitud. Para el modelo HadCM3 la superficie con algún nivel de aptitud disminuye 0,9% para el año 2020 y 0 ,2% para el año 2050. Sin embargo, el nivel de Moderadamente apto pasa de 10,5% en el escenario base a 0% y 1,3% para el año 2020 y 2050, respectivamente, ubicándose prácticamente todas las áreas en el menor nivel de aptitud

El ordenamiento ecológico territorial instrumento de política ambiental para la planeación del desarrollo local

The aim was to propose a development planning model validated in field conducive to the proper use of natural resources. Related to the methodology, a program of ecological land relying on geographic information systems, participatory workshops, field observations and semi-structured interviews was formulated. We found these results: The local development model proposed part of the foundations of sustainable development, participatory rural appraisal and territorial planning and seeking compatibility between the management of natural resources, productive activities, sociocultural characteristics, technical recommendations and the perceived needs of the population. The main limiting factors in this work are the little time to complete and required to monitor and assess the processes of self-management and the availability of economic resources to finance it. Thus, we can conclude that the contribution of this work, as a tool for planning and local development, seen as pillar for the construction of the proposed participation of stakeholders in the public, private and social sector, so that their visions combine the perspective of sustainable management natural resources in the same effort to decide local affairs.El objetivo fue proponer un modelo de planeación de desarrollo validado en campo que propicie el uso adecuado de los recursos naturales. En cuanto a la metodología, se formuló un programa de ordenamiento ecológico del territorio apoyándose en los sistemas de información geográfica, talleres participativos, recorridos de campo y entrevistas semiestructuradas. El resultado de este trabajo es que el modelo de desarrollo local propuesto parte de los fundamentos del desarrollo sustentable, la evaluación rural participativa y la planificación territorial y busca la compatibilidad entre el manejo de los recursos naturales, las actividades productivas, las características socioculturales, las recomendaciones técnicas y las necesidades sentidas de la población. Las principales limitantes en este tipo de trabajo son el poco tiempo para su realización y el requerido para el acompañamiento y evaluación de los procesos de autogestión así como la disponibilidad de los recursos económicos para financiarla. Nuestra conclusión es que la aportaciónde este trabajo, como instrumento de planeación y desarrollo local, contempla como pilar para la construcción de las propuestas la participación de actores del sector público, privado y social, de tal forma que se conjuguen sus visiones bajo la óptica del manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales en un mismo esfuerzo para decidir el quehacer local

Water erosion, soil organic carbon redistribution and soil and water conservation: a review

14 páginas, 4 tablas, 3 figuras. -- Texto en inglés y en español[EN] Introduction: Soil loss caused by water erosion impacts both positive and negative fluxes of carbon to the atmosphere. Objective: To identify the main research trends related to the influence of water erosion on soil organic carbon (SOC) redistribution and its relationship with soil and water conservation practices. Materials and methods. Literature published in national and international journals was consulted in Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, Redalyc, ResearchGate and Google Scholar. Research trends were analyzed using predefined keywords and grouped according to their affinity. Results: In the period 2012-2022, 80 % of global research focused on SOC redistribution caused by the effect of water erosion and the effect of soil management and conservation practices; however, no studies were found in this regard in Mexico. Due to water erosion, programs for the construction of soil and water conservation works have been implemented in Mexico with significant success, such as sediment control dams, but the impacts in terms of C storage have not been evaluated. Conclusions: In Mexico there are areas of opportunity to focus research at different scales: (I) analyze the redistribution of SOC caused by water erosion, (II) estimate the storage of SOC in sediments, (III) analyze the potential of mechanical soil and water conservation practices as carbon sinks, and (IV) propose a risk index of SOC loss using remote sensing.[ES] Introducción: La pérdida de suelo por erosión hídrica influye en los flujos positivos y negativos de carbono hacia la atmósfera. Objetivo: Identificar las principales tendencias de investigación con respecto a la influencia de la erosión hídrica en la redistribución del carbono orgánico del suelo (COS) y su relación con las prácticas de conservación del suelo y agua. Materiales y métodos. La literatura publicada en revistas nacionales e internacionales se consultó en Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, Redalyc, ResearchGate y Google Académico. Mediante palabras clave predefinidas se analizaron las tendencias de investigación y se agruparon según su afinidad. Resultados: En el periodo 2012-2022, 80 % de la investigación global se enfocó en la redistribución del COS por efecto de la erosión hídrica y en el efecto del manejo del suelo y de las prácticas de conservación; sin embargo, no se encontraron trabajos al respecto en México. Debido a la erosión hídrica, en México se han implementado programas para la construcción de obras de conservación de suelos y aguas con éxito significativo, como las presas de control de sedimentos, pero no se han evaluado los impactos en términos del almacenamiento de C. Conclusiones: En México existen áreas de oportunidad para enfocar la investigación a diferentes escalas: (I) analizar la redistribución del COS por efecto de la erosión hídrica, (II) estimar el almacenamiento del COS en sedimentos, (III) analizar el potencial de prácticas mecánicas de conservación de suelo y agua como sumideros de carbono y (IV) proponer un índice de riesgo de pérdida del COS utilizando sensores remotosPeer reviewe

Estado de los recursos naturales en el parque nacional Molino de Flores Netzahualcóyotl

“Molino de Flores Netzahualcoyotl” National Park is a protected area located in Texcoco, Mexico and is managed by the municipality. The area lacks a management plan or any other guide or planning document that sets standards in management and conservation of its natural resources. The main goal was to make a natural resources inventory and current conservation status, thus information was obtained from 51 sampling sites in its 45 hectares of extension. The method was to delimit the park and carry out an inventory and diagnosis of natural resources. Data collected on the current state of the soil (18 parameters), vegetation (36 parameters in 5 strata) and water (4 points, 16 samples and 9 parameters each one). Information exposes the present problems and tendencies of deterioration in the National Park: decrease of vegetal cover, soil and water pollution, discharges of contaminated residual water in the Coxcacuaco river, high rates in soils by water erosion, deforestation and illegal extraction of forest resources. The results allow to know the main causes of the degradation of the natural resources and at the same time the areas of opportunity to propitiate their rehabilitation, correct management and administration of the park.El Parque Nacional Molino de Flores Netzahualcóyotl es un área natural protegida que se encuentra en el municipio de Texcoco y es administrada por el Ayuntamiento. El área carece de un plan de manejo o alguna otra guía o documento de planeación que marque pauta en el manejo y conservación de sus recursos naturales. Con el objetivo de hacer un inventario y conocer su estado actual de conservación se analizó información obtenida en campo de 51 sitios de muestreo en sus 45 hectáreas de extensión. El método consistió en delimitar el parque y realizar un inventario y diagnóstico de los recursos naturales. Se tomaron datos sobre el estado actual del suelo (18 parámetros), vegetación (36 parámetros en 5 estratos) y agua (4 puntos, 16 muestras y 9 parámetros cada una). La información revela los problemas presentes y en gran mayoría con tendencias de deterioro que padece el parque: disminución de cobertura vegetal, contaminación de suelo y agua, descargas de aguas residuales contaminadas en el río Coxcacuaco, altas tasas por erosión hídrica, deforestación y extracción de recursos forestales. Los resultados permiten conocer las principales causas de la degradación de los recursos y a su vez las áreas de oportunidad para propiciar su rehabilitación, correcto manejo y administración del parque