A micro data analysis of Italy’s brain drain

Contrary to current thinking which views the European brain drain as a transitory phenomenon, this paper shows, using a micro-data analysis, that, as far as Italy is concerned, such migration is permanent. The present study provides new empirical evidence on the propensity to return. The empirical approach and analytical models used outline the profile of the emigrants, their reasons for flight, the drawing factors and the aspects governing return. Our findings are robust and statistics significant in the results and to the choice of instruments and the empirical model we apply.Permanent migration, propensity of return, OLS, GLM.

A Micro Data Analisys Of Italy’s Brain Drain

Contrary to current thinking which views the European brain drain as a transitory phenomenon, this paper shows, using a micro-data analysis, that, as far as Italy is concerned, such migration is permanent. The present study provides new empirical evidence on the propensity to return. The empirical approach and analytical models used outline the profile of the emigrants, their reasons for flight, the drawing factors and the aspects governing return. Our findings are robust and statistics significant in the results and to the choice of instruments and the empirical model we apply.Permanent migration; Propensity of return; OLS; GLM.

Discretionary policy, strategic complementarity and tax evasion. A strategic analysis of the Italian audit mechanism

Underlying this work is the idea that there is a problem of strategic complementarity of individuals who choose to evade. Complementarity results from the discretionary policies of governments and the strategic implications of the Studi di Settore (Sector Studies), the mechanism used in Italy to evaluate the income (in reality, the turnover) of professional categories and small firms. In the Italian case, policy discretion and the Sector Studies lead to a failure of the coordination mechanism of taxpayers and confer a strong advantage for the coordination mechanism of tax evaders. The outcome is a coordination failure where individuals converge to the least efficient equilibrium from a social perspective.Tax Evasion; Tax Compliance; Audit Selection Mechanism; Complementarity.

Return migration in Italy: what do we know?

Return migration is the positive counterpart of brain drain. Human capital accumulation increases in a country if skilled agents go back home after a period spent working abroad. Effects of brain drain in Italy could be negative as highly skilled migrants decide not to come back to their native country. Our simple model shows that if preference for home consumption is balanced by career opportunities and life-style conditions, agents leave Italy and prefer to remain abroad. Data support and policy implications are provided.Return migration; brain drain.

Geographical analysis of the academic brain drain in Italy

To study the behavior of Italian researchers living in Italy with a view to creating appropriate policies to tackle the brain drain and discourage academics from emigrating, we constructed a survey based on a sample of 4700 Italian researchers (assistant professors) in several universities in Italy. The outlook is far from rosy: Italian researchers are generally dissatisfied with the economic and social situation of the country. Strong family ties represent the element keeping them at home in Italy. In this regard, no particular differences were noted between the North and South of the country. In analyzing the Italian academic system we identified factors that have greater weight in driving Italian intellectual talent to emigrate: the country’s higher education system leaves all dissatisfied. Furthermore, we discovered other factors that, albeit weak, keep Italian researchers in Italy. However, one wonders how much longer family and national ties will be able to keep Italian skilled agents in Italy, and whether such dissatisfaction may jeopardize the country’s future economic development.Skilled migration; pull and push factors; academic system; geographical distribution

Interleukin-23 and Th17 Cells in the Control of Gut Inflammation

Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, the major forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) in humans, have been traditionally associated with exaggerated and poorly controlled T helper (Th) type 1 or Th2 cell response, respectively. More recent studies have, however, shown that IBDs are also characterized by a sustained production of cytokines made by a distinct lineage of Th cells, termed Th17 cells. The demonstration that Th17-related cytokines cause pathology in many organs, including the gut, and that expansion and maintenance of Th17 cell responses require the activity of IL-23, a cytokine made in excess in the gut of IBD patients has contributed to elucidate new pathways of intestinal tissue damage as well as to design new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the available data supporting the role of the IL-23/Th17 axis in the modulation of intestinal tissue inflammation

Isolated macrodactyly of the foot: a review

Tra le affezioni dell’apparato locomotore presenti alla nascita la macrodattilia isolata rappresenta una delle più rare. Alla base della sua insorgenza c’è sempre più la convinzione di una base genetica ricollegabile a mutazioni somatiche con distribuzione a mosaico. La vera macrodattilia si presenta con l’incremento delle dimensioni di tutti i tessuti che costituiscono il dito colpito. La diagnosi deve escludere altri tipi di affezioni che comportano la crescita incontrollata di singoli tessuti e la scelta del trattamento chirurgico deve tener conto dell’età del paziente e del tipo di lesione. Gli autori delineano gli orientamenti terapeutici più comuni dettati dalle esperienze riportate in letteratura.Among the diseases of the locomotor system present at birth, isolated macrodactyly is one of the rarest. On its pathogenesis, researchers are increasing persuaded about a genetic base like mosaicism type. True macrodactyly occurs with the increase in size of all the tissues of the affectedtoe. The diagnosis must exclude other types of diseases that lead to the uncontrolled growth of individual tissues and the choice of surgical treatment must consider the patient’s age and the injury features. The authors outline the most common guidelines dictated by the experiences reported in the literatur

A 10 year body composition case study of a 77 year old ultramarathoner

Body composition; extreme endurance; body mass density,; trainin