Effects of Fluoride on Submandibular Glands of Mice: Changes in Oxidative Biochemistry, Proteomic Profile, and Genotoxicity

Although fluoride (F) is well-known to prevent dental caries, changes in cell processes in different tissues have been associated with its excessive exposure. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of F exposure on biochemical, proteomic, and genotoxic parameters of submandibular glands. Twenty one old rats (n = 30) were allocated into three groups: 60 days administration of drinking water containing 10 mgF/L, 50 mgF/L, or only deionized water (control). The submandibular glands were collected for oxidative biochemistry, protein expression profile, and genotoxic potential analyses. The results showed that both F concentrations increased the levels of thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) and changed the proteomic profile, mainly regarding the cytoskeleton and cellular activity. Only the exposure to 50 mgF/L induced significant changes in DNA integrity. These findings reinforce the importance of continuous monitoring of F concentration in drinking water and the need for strategies to minimize F intake from other sources to obtain maximum preventive/therapeutic effects and avoid potential adverse effects

Fatores que determinam a estrutura e distribuição das comunidades de invertebrados bentônicos em uma bacia hidrográfica tropical

We used the das Velhas River basin in southeastern Brazil as a study unit to evaluate the role of various physical and chemical variables and the state of conservation in determining the structure and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate communities. The habitats were characterized through the use of a rapid evaluation protocol, the examination of the granulometric composition of the sediments, and the precipitation in the sub-basins of the segments studied. The taxonomic structure was determined, Shannon-Wiener and Simpson diversity indexes, taxonomic richness, % EPT and % Chironomidae for the benthic assemblages. The results corroborated the importance of habitats in spatial structuring, the importance of the hydrological regime in temporal structuring, and the state of conservation as the main structuring agents of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. Key words: biological metrics, bioindicators, protected areas, environmental impact.Foi utilizada a bacia hidrográfica do Rio das Velhas, sudeste do Brasil, como unidade de estudo para avaliar o papel das variáveis físicas e químicas além do estado de conservação na determinação da estrutura e distribuição das comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos. A caracterização dos habitats foi realizada através da utilização de um protocolo de avaliação rápida, da determinação da composição de granulométrica dos sedimentos e da precipitação nas sub-bacias hidrográficas dos segmentos estudados. Foi determinada a estrutura taxonômica das comunidades bentônicas através dos índices de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener e Simpson, além da riqueza taxonômica, % EPT e % Chironomidae. Os resultados encontrados corroboraram a importância dos habitats na estruturação espacial, do regime hidrológico na estruturação temporal e o estado de conservação como o principal agente de estruturação das comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos. Palavras-chave: parâmetros biológicos, bioindicadores, áreas de proteção ambiental, impacto ambiental

Accuracy of Invisalign® on Upper Incisors: A Systematic Review

The current systematic review appraises the effectiveness of the types of tooth movements performed with Invisalign® clear aligner on the maxillary incisors. An electronic literature search of published trials was performed through PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases, and selected journals, from 2009 to 2020. Out of 291 references, five relevant publications were identified for analysis: four studies were performed retrospectively and one prospectively, all non-randomized. Despite the limited set of selected articles, the sample size is significant, with 148 subjects included in the reviewed studies involving the orthodontic treatment of upper incisors. We concluded that movements with the Invisalign® clear aligner on the upper incisors present distinct accuracy, possibly related with movement complexity; intrusion of the incisors has low accuracy (in some cases, 0% of accuracy was reported when the tooth extruded), while incisor extrusion exhibit some of the highest accuracy values reported in the included studies (45%-142%, when the achieved movement was greater than the predicted). Besides, axial (i.e., torque and tip) and horizontal (i.e., translation and rotation) movements are usually effective, with accuracy values between 39%-156% and 42%-79%, respectively. Overall, we determined that the efficiency of aligner to reach the desired movements in the upper incisors was low, as often refinements were required in the included studies. The use of aligner features must be more often considered to improve movement accuracy

Caracterização da técnica de transição da alimentação por sonda enteral para seio materno em recém-nascidos prematuros

OBJETIVO: Verificar a idade gestacional corrigida do início da dieta por via oral (mama parcialmente cheia) e da alimentação exclusiva em seio materno e o tempo dispendido (em dias) de atendimento fonoaudiológico para alta de recém-nascidos prematuros submetidos à técnica da transição da alimentação enteral direta para o seio materno. MÉTODOS: Fizeram parte do estudo 35 recém-nascidos prematuros (RNPT) divididos em dois grupos. O Grupo 1 (G1) foi composto por 22 RNPT que não apresentaram intercorrências médicas importantes durante a internação e o Grupo 2 (G2) por 13 RNPT com histórico de intercorrências médicas importantes. Foram registrados os seguintes dados: idade gestacional ao nascimento, peso ao nascimento, peso do recém-nascido e idade gestacional corrigida durante avaliação fonoaudiológica, idade gestacional corrigida no momento do início da alimentação por via oral, número de dias em que o recém-nascido realizou a técnica de sucção não nutritiva, idade gestacional corrigida no momento do início da alimentação por via oral exclusiva e da alta fonoaudiológica, e o número total de dias de atendimento fonoaudiológico. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os grupos (G1 e G2) para nenhum dos parâmetros analisados. De maneira geral, o início da oferta por via oral ocorreu com média de idade gestacional corrigida de 36 semanas. A alimentação por via oral exclusiva ocorreu com média de 36,6 semanas de idade gestacional corrigida. A média de dias de atendimento fonoaudiológico total foi de 12,3, sendo que o treino de sucção não nutritiva (SNN) em "dedo enluvado" ou "mama vazia" durou em média 4,54 dias. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica possibilitou a alta hospitalar do recém-nascido prematuro com alimentação exclusiva em seio materno em idade gestacional corrigida correspondente a do recém-nascido termo e saudável. _________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: Purpose: To verify the corrected gestational age when oral feeding (breast half full) and exclusive breastfeeding were initiated in preterm newborns submitted to the transition technique from enteral feeding directly to breastfeeding, and time spent (in days) under speech-language pathology intervention until discharge. Methods: Study participants were 35 preterm infants (PTI) divided into two groups. Group 1 (G1) was composed by 22 PTI who did not present any important medical complications during hospitalization, and Group 2 (G2) comprised 13 PTI with a history of major medical complications. The following data were recorded: gestational age at birth, birth weight, weight and corrected gestational age during speech-language pathology evaluation, corrected gestational age when started oral feeding, number of days stimulated through the non-nutritive sucking (NNS) technique, corrected gestational age when oral feeding started and when they were discharged from speech-language pathology intervention, and total number of days under speech-language pathology intervention. Results: No differences were found between the groups (G1 and G2) for any of the analyzed parameters. In general, oral feeding started with an average of 36 weeks corrected gestational age. Exclusive oral feeding occurred with an average of 36.6 weeks corrected gestational age. In average, speech-language pathology intervention lasted 12.3 days, and the NNS technique in “gloved finger” or “empty breast” lasted an average of 4.54 days. Conclusion: The technique allowed the PTI to be discharged in exclusive breastfeeding at a corrected gestational age corresponding to that of healthy term newborns

Prevalence and risk factors for bovine leptospirosis in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Foi investigada a prevalência de anticorpos antileptospira em fêmeas bovinas com idade igual ou superior a 24 meses, provenientes de 178 rebanhos de 22 municípios do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, bem como identificados fatores de risco associados à infecção. Foram analisadas 2.573 amostras de soro sangüíneo por meio do teste de soroaglutinação microscópica perante 10 sorovares de leptospira. Títulos iguais ou superiores a 100 para um ou mais sorovares foram detectados em 1.801 fêmeas (98,8%) de 161 (96,5%) rebanhos. O sorovar Hardjo (65,6%) foi apontado como o mais provável, seguido do sorovar Wolffi (12,3%). Os resultados demonstram que a leptospirose bovina se encontra presente em todos os municípios estudados, com alta prevalência, tanto em animais como em rebanhos. Os fatores de risco identificados neste estudo e associados à infecção por bactérias do gênero lepstopira foram o tipo de exploração pecuária de corte e a raça Zebu. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe prevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies was estimated for female cattle aged 24 months or older. The sample comprised 178 herds from 22 counties in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The risk factors associated with the presence of infeccion were investigated. A total of 2,573 blood serum samples were tested against 10 leptospira serovars using the microagglutination test (MAT). Titers of 100 or higher for one or more serovars were detected in 1,801 females (98.8%) from 161 herds (96.5%). Serovar Hardjo (65.6%) was the most frequent, followed by serovar Wolffi (12.3%). These results suggest that bovine leptospirosis is widespread in all the counties under study, with a high prevalence both at the animal and the herd level. Beef farms and the Zebu breed were associated to the higher risk of herd infection by leptospiras