Potential markers for early diagnostics of Colorectal cancer and Inflammatory bowel disease in humans : intestinal microorganisms and immune system (teammates or rivals)

Chronic inflammation of the bowel is the characteristic of Inflammatory bowel diseases including Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. The incidence of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Western Europe is 14/100,000 of inhabitants. Duration and severity of inflammation increases the risk of Colorectal cancer (CRC) development by about 60% in IBD patients. CRC is the 3rd most common type of tumor in Western population. Every year, more than one million new cases are diagnosed with more than 600,000 deaths. The early detection of CRC, originating from any part of the colon-rectum, is desirable because it can be cured surgically if diagnosed timely. Identification of new early markers for IBD and CRC is very important. This review deals with the searching and identification of possibly new early markers for the above mentioned pathologies. We have focused on intestinal microorganisms (changes in qualitative and quantitative composition of microbiome, selection of candidate microorganisms) and immune system markers (cytokines, chemokines, nuclear factor kB, Toll-like receptors and Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products)

Potential novel markers in IBD and CRC diagnostics. Are MMP-19 and RAGE promising candidates?

Aims. Inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer are serious intestinal disorders with continuously increasing incidence. Many aspects of etiopathogenesis still remain unclear. There is an urgent need to improve early diagnostics and markers indicating the progression of the disease. The aim of our study was to analyze the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-19 (MMP-19), and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) in different cell subpopulations in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) compared to the tissue in the vicinity of pathological processes. Methods. Expression of both markers in epithelium, macrophages and vessels were evaluated in IBD and CRC groups. They were detected using immunohistochemistry in paraffin sections. Results. There were significant differences between the expression of MMP-19 on macrophages and vessels among healthy and cancer tissues. In both, macrophages and vessels were significantly lower levels in cancer tissues. The expression of MMP-19 on vessels was also significantly different between peritumoral and cancer tissues (higher levels in peritumoral tissue). RAGE expression in macrophages was significantly different between healthy and cancer tissues and between peritumoral and cancer tissues. There was significantly lower expression in cancer tissues than in healthy and peritumoral tissues. Expression of RAGE in vessels was significantly different just in the comparison of healthy and peritumoral tissues (higher levels in healthy tissues). Conclusion. Both markers seem to be promising potential auxiliary markers in IBD and CRC diagnostics. They can also improve evaluation of disease progression

Challenging Silences: Democratic Citizenship Education and Historical Memory in Poland and Guatemala

This paper draws upon data from two youth-focused, ethnographically informed inquiries—one in Poland, the other in Guatemala—to describe how historical memory can conflict with both state historical narratives and with globalized approaches to democratic citizenship education. This analysis helps us to better understand the ways that, in post-conflict societies, schools function as spaces in which overlapping claims of community, nation, and world frame the development of youth citizenship and belongin