Cross-ownership, league policies and player investment across sports leagues

Although many sports leagues are viewed as monopolies, research suggests that some economic competition exists between teams in dierent sports leagues. If fans make consumption choices based on the quality of all teams that are present in their region, then economic competition and ownership structure can impact an owner's incentive to invest in talent. This article examines dierences between monopolists, duopolists and cross-ownership. Consumer preferences and fan loyalty are allowed to vary across sports, and the winning percentages of teams in other leagues aects demand. Our model shows that economic competition results in an ambiguous level of investment compared to a monopolist. A rm that engages in cross-ownership will invest less in talent compared to a duopolist, but the dierence in prots is ambiguous. League policies are studied and are shown to aect the quality of teams in other leagues

Cross-ownership, league policies and player investment across sports leagues

Although many sports leagues are viewed as monopolies, research suggests that some economic competition exists between teams in different sports leagues. If fans make consumption choices based on the quality of all teams that are present in their region, then economic competition and ownership structure can impact an owner's incentive to invest in talent. This article examines differences between monopolists, duopolists and cross-ownership. Consumer preferences and fan loyalty are allowed to vary across sports, and the winning percentages of teams in other leagues affects demand. Our model shows that economic competition results in an ambiguous level of investment compared to a monopolist. A firm that engages in cross-ownership will invest less in talent compared to a duopolist, but the difference in profits is ambiguous. League policies are studied and are shown to affect the quality of teams in other leagues

Cross-ownership, league policies and player investment across sports leagues

Although many sports leagues are viewed as monopolies, research suggests that some economic competition exists between teams in different sports leagues. If fans make consumption choices based on the quality of all teams that are present in their region, then economic competition and ownership structure can impact an owner's incentive to invest in talent. This article examines differences between monopolists, duopolists and cross-ownership. Consumer preferences and fan loyalty are allowed to vary across sports, and the winning percentages of teams in other leagues affects demand. Our model shows that economic competition results in an ambiguous level of investment compared to a monopolist. A firm that engages in cross-ownership will invest less in talent compared to a duopolist, but the difference in profits is ambiguous. League policies are studied and are shown to affect the quality of teams in other leagues

Economic competition and the production of winning in professional sports

This dissertation includes three essays on the economics and management of professional sports with an emphasis on strategic management and quantitative methods. The first paper is a theoretical paper that provides an alternative perspective of professional sports team owners' incentive to invest in a level of talent. The second paper examines the relationship between the demand for watching games on television and attending games in person. The third paper is an application of microeconomic theory and econometrics that estimates different forms of the contest success function and develops a new empirical approach to measuring players' effectiveness. The chapter titled "Economic Competition and Player Investment in Sports Leagues" provides an alternative perspective of professional sports teams' incentives to invest in talent based on market and ownership structures. Since territorial rights limit fans' ability to trade off between the qualities of teams that are direct substitutes, the possibility exists that some fans will choose between indirect substitutes based on relative team qualities (e.g. winning). If this is the case, then both the market and ownership structures will affect the owner's incentive to invest in talent. The condition of cross-ownership decreases an owner's incentive to invest in talent compared to the duopoly. The chapter titled "A Comparison of Television and Gate Demand in the National Basketball League" estimates the demand for gate attendance and television audiences in the NBA and finds that the fans who attend games in person are inherently different from fans who watch games on television. Fans who watch the games on television are more responsive to winning and do not substitute for other professional sport leagues compared to fans who attend the games in person. The chapter titled "Contest Success Functions and Marginal Products of Talent" contributes to the literature by being one of the first papers to empirically estimate a contest success function. Although tournaments, conflicts, rent-seeking, and sporting events have been modeled with contest success functions, little empirical support exists. The contest success function is further used to determine the contribution to winning of the candidate players for the 2010 Canadian Men's Olympic Hockey Team

Testing the Functional Model of Bone Development: Direct and Mediating Role of Muscle Strength on Bone Properties in Growing Youth

This study examines the functional model of bone development in peri-pubertal boys and girls. Specifically, we implemented a mixed-longitudinal design and hierarchical structural models to provide experimental evidence in support of the conceptual functional model of bone development, postulating that the primary mechanical stimulus of bone strength development is muscle force. To this end, we measured radial and tibial bone properties (speed of sound, SOS), isometric grip and knee extensors strength, bone resorption (urinary NTX concentration), body mass index (BMI), somatic maturity (years from peak height velocity) and skeletal maturity (bone age) in 180 children aged 8-16 years. Measurements were repeated 2-4 times over a period of 3 years. The multilevel structural equation modeling of 406 participant-session observations revealed similar results for radial and tibial SOS. Muscle strength (i.e., grip strength for the radial and knee extension for tibial model) and NTX have a significant direct effect on bone SOS (β = 0.29 and -0.18, respectively). Somatic maturity had a direct impact on muscle strength (β = 0.24) and both a direct and indirect effect on bone SOS (total effect, β = 0.30). Physical activity and BMI also had a significant direct impact on bone properties, (β = 0.06 and -0.18, respectively), and an additional significant indirect effect through muscle strength (β = 0.01 and 0.05, respectively) with small differences per bone site and sex. Muscle strength fully mediated the impact of bone age (β = 0.14) while there was no significant effect of energy intake on either muscle strength or bone SOS. In conclusion, our results support the functional model of bone development in that muscle strength and bone metabolism directly affect bone development while the contribution of maturity, physical activity, and other modulators such as BMI, on bone development is additionally modulated through their effect on muscle strength.This research was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (grant #2015–04424) and the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (grant #199944). I.A. Ludwa was supported by the Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) and the Ontario Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology (OGSST). M. Sanderson was supported by an Undergraduate Summer Research Award from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. L. Gracia-Marco was funded by “La Caixa” Foundation within the Junior Leader fellowship programme (ID 100010434; code LCF/BQ/PR19/11700007).Ye

Abstract

dissertatio