Competition on Using Nutrient for Growth between Bacillus spp. and Vibrio harveyi

ABSTRACT Competition, by using nutrient for growth, between Bacillus pumilus NW01, B. sphaericus NW02 and B. subtilis NW03 and Vibrio harveyi in vitro was studied by culturing each bacteria in Nutrient Broth (+ 1.5% NaCl). The initial concentration of 10 2 CFU/ml in monoculture and co-culture of Bacillus spp. and V. harveyi was used. Total Bacillus and Vibrio counts were conducted after 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours. B. pumilus NW01, B. sphaericus NW02 and B. subtilis NW03 decreased V. harveyi by 39.10, 43.62 and 34.46%, respectively. Antagonistic properties of Bacillus spp. against V. harveyi in vivo was tested by feeding shrimp with spores (10 11 -10 12 CFU/g) of each Bacillus and their mixture at 5 g/kg for 1 month. The amount of Vibrio spp. in the intestine of all Bacillus treated shrimp decreased by 20.97-32.45 % as compared with the control. The results showed that these Bacillus spp. could be applied as an effective probiotic in Penaeus monodon culture

Drumming Behavior of Selected North American Stoneflies (Plecoptera)

Drumming is first described for five North American stonefly species, Acroneuria evoluta, Doroneuria baumanni, Isoperla namata, Chernokrilus misnomus, and Pictetiella expansa. Signals of Acroneuria lycorias, Phasganophora capitata and Isoperla signata are further described. Drumming was not recorded from Amhinemura delosa. Signals of A. evoluta are the most complex yet recorded in Plecoptera. Doroneuria baumanni, P. expanse, C. misnomus and P. capitata have 2-way exchanges. Male D. baumanni produce two prolonged beats by rubbing the hammer on the substratum; male-female signals are non-overlapping in the first two species and overlapping in the latter two. Female P. capitata answered with an unusually long sequence of beats. Two male Isoperla species produced monophasic calls without female answers. Female A. lycorias answered taped male signals with monophasic signals like all observed females

New Descriptions, Intraspecific Variation and Systematic Importance of Drumming Behavior in Selected North American Plecoptera

Drumming behavior is described for the first time in 33 North American Plecoptera species, and signals of an additional five species, Pteronarcys pictetii, Acroneuria abnormis, Paragnetina media, Clioperla clio and Isogenoides zionensis, are further detailed. An out-group comparison of behavioral characters in all 104 world species whose drumming is known showed that the behavior is more advanced in the Arctoperlaria Group Systellognatha than in the Group Euholognatha. In general, tapping, monophasy, touching, sequenced exchange and less than 50 taps/answer are ancestral states, and rubbing, grouping, phasing, tremulation, interspersed exchange and equal or more than 50 taps/answer are derived states. There has been some co-evolution between abdominal structure and drumming behavior. Scanning Electron Micrographs of 30 species showed that the primitive state of tapping is ascociated with three classes of abdominal structure: (1) absence of derived structures, (2) lobes or vesicles, and (3) hammers. The derived behavior of rubbing, however, occurs only in species with derived structures, and is predominant in species having vesicles and hammers. Drumming can be used as a line of evidence to aid in defining genera and species, since the behavior has a variable degree of specificity or exclusiveness in all species, particularly in groups of species I have studied in the genera Isoperla, Pteronarcys and Taeniopteryx. Typical and variant computer-synthesized male calls of three stonefly species were tested with live females. They responded at high levels in such a way that the important informational content conveyed was identified as: (1) a minimal threshold of beat numbers, and (2) a discriminant window of beat intervals. Rub frequency and bibeat calling were critical informational parameters in two species