Complication of Type 1 Diabetes in Craniofacial and Dental Hard Tissue

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic systemic disease arisen under the conditions when the body cannot produce enough insulin or cannot use it effectively. Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune reaction, where the body’s defense system attacks the insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas. Type 1 diabetes incidence has been rising all over the world, especially under the age of 15 years. There are strong premonitions of geographic difference; however, the overall annual increase in a number of affected population is estimated to be approximately 3%

A Bioactive Enamel Sealer Can Protect Enamel during Orthodontic Treatment: An In Vitro Study

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an experimental bioactive enamel resin sealer in protecting the enamel adjacent to orthodontic brackets against erosion. Methods: Orthodontic brackets (n = 50) were bonded to freshly extracted, sound maxillary premolars using Transbond™ XT Primer (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) and Transbond Plus Color Change adhesive (3M Unitek, USA). Five experimental groups (n = 10) had the following treatments applied: a resin bioactive sealer with 45S5 bioglass, 35% by weight; a resin sealer without bioactive glass; fluoride; the orthodontic sealer, Opal Seal (Opal-Orthodontics, South Jordan, UT, USA); and, in the control group, an untreated surface. All the specimens were stored for 18 min in 1% citric acid. All the specimens were examined by SEM and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the enamel surfaces covered by the sealers before and after the acid challenge. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy detected the degree of the experimental resins’ conversion to verify their suitability for clinical use. Results: The percentage of the bioactive resin sealer and Opal Seal groups’ protection against enamel erosion was 100%, which was significantly more than the other groups, p < 0.05. The degree of conversion for the bioactive and unfilled resins was 42.4% ± 3.6% and 48.57% ± 5%, respectively. Conclusion: The bioactive resin sealer and the Opal Seal both protected the enamel from erosion

Fluoride influences nickel-titanium orthodontic wires′ surface texture and friction resistance

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects exerted by the acidulated fluoride gel on stainless steel and nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) orthodontic wires. Materials and Methods: Sixty stainless steel and Ni-Ti orthodontic archwires were distributed into forty archwires used for in vitro study and twenty for in situ study. Fluoride was applied for 1 h in the in vitro experiment while it was applied for 5 min in the in situ experiment. The friction resistance of all wires with ceramic brackets before/after topical fluoride application was measured using a universal testing machine at 1 min intervals of moving wire. Moreover, surface properties of the tested wires before/after fluoride application and before/after friction test were examined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Dunnett′s t-test was used to compare frictional resistance of as-received stainless steel wires and Ni-Ti wires to the wires treated by fluoride in vitro and in situ (P < 0.05). Two-way ANOVA was used to compare the effect of fluoride application and type of wire on friction resistance in vitro and in situ (P < 0.05). Results: Ni-Ti wires recorded significantly high friction resistance after fluoride application when compared to stainless steel wires in vitro, P < 0.05. Fluoride application did not significantly affect the friction resistance of the tested wires in situ, P < 0.05. SEM observation revealed deterioration of the surface texture of the Ni-Ti wires after fluoride application in vitro and in situ. Conclusions: The in vitro fluoride application caused an increase in friction resistance of Ni-Ti wires when compared to stainless steel wires. In vitro and in situ fluoride application caused deterioration in surface properties of Ni-Ti wires

The Efficiency of Fluoride Bioactive Glasses in Protecting Enamel Surrounding Orthodontic Bracket

Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of using four different fluoride bioactive enamel sealers against an acidic erosion challenge. Materials and Methods. A sample of 50 freshly extracted sound upper premolars had their buccal surface bonded to 50 orthodontic brackets using Transbond PLUS color change adhesive; the first four groups had four compositions of fluoride bioactive glasses based on 37 mol% SiO2, 43.9-53.9 mol% CaO, 6.1 mol% P2O5 and CaF2, and 0-10 mol% of Na2O applied to their surfaces and the fifth group served as control (which was not treated by any bioactive sealer). All specimens were challenged by 1% citric acid for 18 minutes which was stirred by a magnetic stirrer. The enamel surfaces next to the orthodontic brackets were examined by SEM. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the area covered by the fluoride bioactive pastes before/after erosion (p<0.05). Samples from the layer formed on top of the examined teeth were tested before/after erosion to be examined by the attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR/ATR). Results. The FTIR/ATR test showed that fluoride bioactive pastes’ applications resulted in the formation of a hydroxyapatite-rich layer; the SEM analysis showed that the aforementioned layer significantly resisted erosion challenge when compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions. Fluoride bioactive pastes can efficiently protect the enamel surfaces next to orthodontic brackets from acidic erosion challenges

A Novel Evaluation Method for Detecting Defects of the Bonded Orthodontic Bracket-Tooth Interface

Background. Orthodontic patients are at high risk to develop caries. This study is introducing a clinical method detecting interfacial defects between ceramic brackets and enamel utilizing optical coherent tomography in addition to using the nanoleakage expression in vitro test. Methods. Transbond XT primer and moisture insensitive primer (MIP) were bonded to 75 human premolar enamel surfaces and divided into (XTD), (MIPD), and (MIPW) groups. The (XTD) and (MIPD) groups had ceramic brackets bonded to dry enamel surfaces using TransBond and moisture insensitive primers, respectively, while the (MIPW) samples were bonded to moist enamel using moisture insensitive primer. All specimens were examined under crosspolarization optical coherence tomography. Debonding forces of the brackets to 45 teeth (15 teeth/group). 30 bonded specimens (15 specimens/group) were cross-sectioned to detect the nanoleakage expression using scanning electron microscope equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The degree of conversion of the specimens in the experimental groups was tested using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR/ATR). Results. Optical coherence tomography detected the interfacial defects between the ceramic brackets and tooth structure. One way ANOVA showed that (XTD) and (MIPD) groups recorded significantly higher bond strength values and less nanoleakage expression when compared to MIPW (p>0.05). Conclusions. Optical coherence tomography can be utilized to detect interfacial adhesive-tooth defects. Dry enamel surfaces improve the quality of the enamel/primer interface (200 words)

A bioactive-borate-sealer can protect enamel from erosion during orthodontic treatment.

Aim or Purpose: This study tested the ability of a patented borate enamel sealer (BES) (US Patent 11,602,491) to protect enamel surfaces from erosive attack during orthodontic treatment and its effect on shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic attachment to enamel treated by (BES). The results were compared to a fluoride agent and a resin sealer. Materials and Methods: 120 human enamel specimens were utilized. Enamel buccal surfaces were etched with phosphoric-acid then divided into: (BES) group; (ERS) resin-adhesive system group; (EF) fluoride gel 1.23% group, and enamel control (EC) group; followed by bonding to orthodontic composite resin attachments. The treated enamel specimens had their (SBS) composite examined utilizing a universal testing machine (Electro Plus E1000, Instron, Canton, MA, USA). The enamel specimens were exposed to 1% citric acid (18 min). Enamel specimens were examined by (SEM/EDS) scanning-electron-microscope equipped with electron-dispersive-spectroscopy and (FTIR/ATR). Analysis-of-Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the SBS and Wilcoxon-signed-rank test was used to compare the enamel areas protected by the applied agents before/after erosion (p = 0.05). Results: There was no significance difference in SBS among all groups p < 0.05. SEM results showed that (BES) group was the only group that significantly protected enamel from erosion p < 0.05. FTIR/ATR examination showed that erosion did not alter the enamel groups’ chemical composition and that Borate enamel sealer has an acceptable “Degree of conversion”. Conclusions: The Borate enamel sealer released calcium and phosphate compounds that decreased the erosive activity of the citric acid resulting in protecting enamel from erosion without affecting the SBS to composite Orthodontic attachments

A bioactive-borate temporary filling remineralizes dentin cavity walls

Aim or Purpose: This study evaluated the capability of a patented bioactive temporary filling material (US Patent 11,602,491) to remineralize demineralized dentin class V cavity walls prior to composite restorative phase. Materials and Methods: Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 20 lower freshly extracted third molars. The occlusal margins of the prepared cavities were in enamel and the gingival margins located at the cemento-enamel junction dimensions were; 4.0 mm in width, 3.0 mm in height, and 2 mm in depth. The cavities were challenged with buffered demineralization solution (2.2mM CaCl2, 10mM NaH2PO4, 50mM acetic acid, 100mM NaCl, 1 ppm NaF, 5mM NaN3; pH 4.5). The buccal cavities received a ready-made temporary filling (Caviton; GC, Tokyo, Japan) while the lingual cavities received the borate temporary filling followed by light curing for 30 seconds. The specimens were stored in a remineralizing solution (pH 7.0) For 24 hours. The cavities were embedded in resin and cut into sections 100–120 microns. Trans-microradiograph images were taken by x-ray generator (CMR 2; Softex, Tokyo, Japan). Mean mineral profiles and lesion depth were calculated using a special software and compared statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) p=0.05. Results: ANOVA showed that The temporary borate filling increased the mineral content at the cervical, pulpal and occlusal walls p<0.05. The lesion depth was significantly decreased p<0.05 in case of applying the borate temporary material. Conclusions: The temporary borate filling material released calcium and phosphate complexes that penetrated the dentinal demineralized lesions causing significant dentin remineralization within 24 hours

The relationship between maxillary sinus volume and different cephalometric characteristics in orthodontics

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the maxillary sinus volume (MSV) in both genders in a Saudi sample and among different skeletal patterns. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 52 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 18 years or older individuals with complete dentition and healthy medical history. MSV was measured as the mean value of both sides in cubic millimeters (mm3) using OnDemand three-dimensional™ Dental. Cephalometric tracings were conducted on cephalograms obtained from CBCT scans. The beta, A × B, and Frankfort-mandibular plane angles were selected to determine the sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns of the study subjects. Descriptive statistics and other tests were conducted. The significance level was set at P 0.05). Conclusions: The MSV in the studied Saudi sample was larger among males. However, different skeletal patterns have no statistically significant differences in MSV

45S5 Bioglass paste is capable of protecting the enamel surrounding orthodontic brackets against erosive challenge

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at evaluating the effect of using a 45S5 bioglass paste and a topical fluoride as protective agents against acidic erosion (resembling acidic beverage softdrinks intake) for enamel surrounding orthodontic brackets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sample of 21 freshly extracted sound incisor and premolar teeth was randomly divided into three equal groups: a bioglass group (Bioglass) (NovaMin, 5-mm average particle, NovaMin Technology), a Fluoride group (Fluoride) (Gelato APF Gel, Keystone Industries), and a control group (Control). Orthodontic brackets were bonded to the utilized teeth usingMIP (Moisture Insensitive Primer) and Transbond PLUS color change adhesive. All specimens were challenged by 1% citric acid for 18 min. The top enamel surfaces next to the orthodontic brackets were examined by SEM-EDS. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test was used to compare the area covered by the 45S5 bioglass paste before/after erosion P < 0.05. RESULTS: 45S5 bioglass paste application resulted in the formation of an interaction layer that significantly resisted erosion challenge P < 0.05. The fluoride and control specimens showed signs of erosion of the enamel next to the orthodontic brackets (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: 45S5 bioglass paste can efficiently protect the enamel surfaces next to orthodontic brackets for acidic erosion challenges