In vivo Evaluation of Microorganisms Isolated from Peels of Selected Carbohydrate Rich Tubers

Aims: To detect the effect of microbes isolated from peels of Carbohydrate-rich tubers on Albino rats. Study Design: The study was a comparative and descriptive study. Cassava and cocoyam peels were bought from Obanla market, Federal University of Technology, Akure. Those samples were put into a sterile polythene bag and transported to microbiology laboratory for microbiological analysis. Place and Duration of Study: Microbiology Laboratory, Elizade University, Department of Animal Production and Health Research Laboratory, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State. The study was performed between September, 2015 and March, 2016 Methodology: Two gram of the samples was grounded in a mortar with pestle. The serial dilution method was aseptically used to reduce the microbial load present in the collected samples. Nutrient agar and potato dextrose agar were used to isolate the bacteria and fungi respectively from the samples under aseptic condition. Biochemical tests and sugar fermentation were carried out on the bacterial isolates after pure culture was obtained. Results: The isolated bacteria were Streptococcus faecalis, Corynebacterium fascians, Micrococcus luteus, Alcaligenes faecalis and Aeromonas hydrophila. Fungal isolates were identified using lactophenol cotton blue. Fungi isolated includes: Articulospora inflata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Geotrichum albidum, Torula herbarum and Halosporangium panum. All the bacteria isolates were used to infect Albino rat. The uninfected rats were used as control. The histopathological and haematological analysis carried out on liver and intestine of the albino rats showed that the microorganisms caused a pathological change that ranges from necrosis of the liver hepatocytes, hepatocellular drainage and hemorrhage to vacuolation and inflammatory cell infiltrations of the intestinal wall. Conclusion: This study has shown that cassava and cocoyam peels can act as vehicles for disseminations of pathogenic microorganisms and should therefore be properly disposed

The effects of fermented Liqour and methanol extract of Beniseeds on the Biochemical and liver functioning parameters of Albino-rats.

Laboratory albino rats were grouped into different groups and fed with the methanol extract of beniseeds and the fermented liquor of the seeds for a period of 21days to assess their effects on the biochemical and liver functioning parameters of the rats. The result of the analyses showed that both the extract and liquor cause significant increase in the level of bicarbonate, urea, uric acid and calcium while the creatinine level had no significant difference. The liver functioning tests for the rats showed that both the extract and liquor cause a little increase in the serum total protein and alkaline phosphatase without any significant rise in the cholesterol level when compared with the control. There was, however a higher increase in cholesterol level in the rats fed with extract than those fed with the fermented liquor. The results obtained from these in-vivo analyses of fermented beniseed liquor and the methanol extract of beniseeds has shown that beniseed has no deleterious effect on the organs of rats as well as on their biochemical parameters. It is therefore recommended for human consumption as a good nutraceutic seed

TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF FERMENTED LIQUOR AND METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BENISEEDS IN ALBINO RATS

The toxicological evaluation of fermented beniseed liquor and the methanolic extract were assessed in-vivo using young albino rats. They were fed with a dose of 0.75 ml at 100mg/ml of the extract and 0.75 ml at 100mg/ml of the fermented liquor respectively for three weeks (21 days) after which their vital organs were assessed histopathologically. The result of the histopathological analyses showed that the extract and fermented liquor caused no form of distortion, necrosis, lesions or haemorrhage on the heart, the cardiac muscles‟ striata were more strengthened by the fermented liquor when compared with the control and the one fed with the extract which showed homogenous muscle fibres and slight inflammatory cell infiltrations. The liver had its sinusoids in place and showed no form of necrosis, neither karyolysis nor any thickening nuclear structures. The kidneys had normal interstitial cells without tubular necrosis and intestine showed a well formed intestinal villi without any erosion of the cells while the spleen showed well formed dark green cells. Therefore, both the beniseed methanol extract and fermented liquor had no deleterious effect on vital organs and are fit for consumption

BENISEEDS (Sesamum indicum Linn.) PREPARATION TREATMENTS THAT AFFECT PROXIMATE ANALYSIS, PHYTOCHEMICAL, AND MINERAL VALUES

Beniseeds, also called sesame seed can be prepared in different ways to alter its nutritive and medicinal value. Here, beniseeds were prepared by roasting, boiling, and open fermentation. The proximate analysis compositon, mineral content, and phytochemical quantities varied by preparation treatment relative to the untreated fresh seeds. Open fermentation best decreased anti-nutrient and alkaloid quantities while simultaneously increasing the extractable protein content. These results provide a nutritional data base for a local seed stock and quantitatively demonstrate how preparative techniques can be applied to increase the human consumption value of beniseeds as well as its medicinal properties

THE IMMUNOSTIMULATORY POTENTIAL OF FERMENTED BENISEEDS (SESAMUM INDICUM LINN) LIQOUR ON ALBINO RATS

The immune-stimulatory potential of natural liquid fermentation of beniseed liquor was assessed in-vivo using young adult albino rats. They were fed with a specific volume of the liquor at 100mg/ml for a period of three weeks after which their blood was subjected to haematological and biochemical analyses. The haematological assay for the biosafety analyses of the liquor on the albino rats showed that the liquor significantly increased the blood parameters when given a dose of 0.75ml at 100mg/ml daily. The biochemical analyses of the blood of the albino rats used showed that the liquor caused significant increase in the level of bicarbonate, urea, uric acid and calcium. The liver functioning tests for the rats showed that the liquor caused a little increase in the serum total protein and alkaline phosphatase without any significant rise in the cholesterol level. The results obtained from these in-vivo analyses of fermented beniseed liquor has shown that beniseeds possess excellent nutraceutic properties with good immunostimulatory potential and that it can be used as a good antidiarrhoeagenic agent

Haematological and Pathological Effects of Bacteria from Vegetable Wastes in Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State

Aims: Different selling points or markets in Ilara-Mokin town were visited after the market session and a day after to collect vegetable wastes. This research aimed to isolate bacteria and fungi from selected waste vegetables, to infect laboratory animals with the bacterial isolates and to study the effect of the isolated bacteria on the laboratory animals. Methodology: Three major vegetable wastes were commonly found in the markets and they are Amaranthus cruentus (Arowojeja), Senecio biafrae (Worowo) and Spinacia oleracea (Amunututu). Sufficient quantity of these decaying wastes were collected and sterile crucible was used to grind the waste samples. On each sample, serial dilution was done using 2g. Nutrient Agar and potato dextrose agar were used for isolation of bacteria and fungi respectively. Standard Microbiological methods were used for the identification of the microorganisms. Results: Five bacteria were isolated from the waste, which are: Salmonella spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Also six fungi were isolated from the waste vegetable. They are: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Geotrichum spp. and Articularia quercina. All of the bacteria were sensitive to commercial antibiotics like ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, except Salmonella spp that showed resistance to Tetracycline, Augmentin and Ceftriaxone. The bacterial isolates were then used to infect Albino rats and haematogical analysis was performed on the animals’ blood. The result showed that Proteus, and Pseudomonas reduced the PCV from 45.55±1.67% (in control group) to 36.75±0.55% and 37.25±0.33% respectively. The haemoglobin concentration was decreased from 15.00±0.00 (in control group) to 12.33±0.67 in the group infected with Pseudomonas. The white blood cell count was highest on the group infected with Salmonella with a count of 12.2±0.96×105 mm-3 . Histopathological Analysis of the liver and intestine of the rats showed that the pathogenic microorganisms cause negative pathological effects such as the absence of sinusoid in the liver hepatocytes, hepatocellular drainage and necrosis, while only necrosis and haemorrhage were prominent in their intestine. Conclusion: The result obtained has shown that pathogenic microorganisms from these vegetable wastes can cause serious health problem for the public if not disposed adequately, especially when these vegetable vendors place freshly harvested ones on the same ground the next market day; and when such is bought and not properly washed or cooked

The Effect of Temperature on the Antibacterial and Physicochemical Properties of Fermenting Beniseeds

The effect of temperature on the antibacterial property of fermenting beniseed was assessed on six diarhoeagenic bacteria by keeping the fermenting seeds at 40C and 290C respectively. Both the liquor and the slurry were used in this study. The pH, total titratable acidity, microbial load and the microflora of the samples kept at the two different temperatures was determined daily for 7 days. The results showed that the liquor kept at 290C had its highest antibacterial activities after 24hrs of fermentation while the sample kept at 40C had its highest antibacterial activities after 72hrs of fermentation. The highest inhibitory effect was observed on B. cereus with zone diameter of 42mm by the sample kept at 290C and 36mm the sample kept at 40C. This result, when compared with standard commercial antibiotics showed that the fermenting liquor is more effective against four of the six bacteria used. The microbial load of the fermenting liquor increased from 2.4 x104 cfu/ml to 9.2 x106cfu/ml in the sample kept at 290C and 2.4 x104 cfu/ml to 2.8 x105 cfu/ml in the sample kept at 40C by day 4. Microorganisms found to be associated with the fermentation are Lactobacillus acidophilus, Pediococcus cerevisiae and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The pH of the fermenting liquor decreased from 5.50 at day 0 to 4.90 by day 4 for the sample kept at 40C while it decreased to 3.80 by day 4 for the sample kept at 290C. The total titratable acidity for the sample kept at 40C was highest by day 1 with a value of 27.00 and lowest by day 6 with a value of 10.00 while the one kept at 290C recorded the highest value of 56.10 by day 1 and lowest value of 15.50 by day 4. Since the fermented liquor significantly inhibited the growth of the test organisms used, it is therefore suggested that in the absence of antibiotics, fermented beniseed liquor can be used to treat diarrhoea within 24hours in rural areas where they may not be quick access to conventional antibiotics and can be used up to seven days when preserved in refrigerator to combat diarrhoea caused by these organisms

Evaluation of beniseed extract and fermented liquor in treatment of diarrhoea in albino rats infected with Salmonella typhi

The efficacy of fermented beniseed liquor and the methanol extract in treating diarrhoea caused by Salmonella typhi in albino rats orogastrically infected with the bacteria was assessed. At the end of the experiment, haematological, biochemical and liver functioning tests were performed on the blood from the animals. The results obtained from this analysis showed that the selected organism have high infectivity dose, caused a significant reducing effect on the weight of the albino rats and negative effect on the hematological and biochemical parameters assessed. Treatment of infected animals with the fermented liquor and methanol extract of beniseeds showed that both caused a significantly quick recovery of the infected animals from diarrhoea within five days of treatment. However, the rate of recovery was faster with the group of infected rats treated with the fermented beniseed liquor than the extract. Also, treatment with methanol extract of beniseeds also caused a significant increase in the cholesterol level of the blood from the animals. The results obtained from these analyses showed that beniseed have therapeutic properties and that the fermented form is more effective and can be used to treat diarrhoea caused by the selected bacteria used in this study in albino rats

Evaluation of the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of oil from castor seeds (Ricinus communis Linn)

The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of castor (Ricinus communis) seeds extracted using soxhlet extractor in 98% nhexane was assessed using in-vitro assay. Twenty microorganisms made up of fourteen bacteria and six fungi were used in the bioassay. Comparatively, bacteria were found to be more susceptible than fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was found to range between 6.25 mg/ml and 12.50 mg/ml for bacteria while that of fungi ranged from 12.50 mg/ml to 25.00 mg/ml. Comparison of the antimicrobial efficacy of the extract and commercial antibiotics showed that the latter were more potent against the test organisms with the exceptions of erythromycin, ampiclox and rifampin group for Gram positive organisms and, septrin and ceporex group for Gram negative organisms respectively. The quantitative phytochemical screening showed that tannin, phenol, alkaloid, phytate, oxalate, saponin, cyanogenic glycoside and flavonoid were present in a decreasing order. The spectrophotometric data of the extract using ultraviolet radiation, infrared and HNMR as well as carbon 13 NMR showed the presence of various compounds such as cineole, 2-octanol, terpenene-4-ol, limonene, sabinene, pinene, terpinene, and methyl groups in the oil

Isolation, Molecular Characterization and Antibiotics Susceptibility Pattern of Methylotrophic Bacteria Occuring in the Human Mouth

Methylotrophic bacteria are ubiquitous bacteria that are capable of using one carbon compounds such as methane, methanol, halogenated methane, and methylated amine as sources of carbon and energy for their diverse metabolic activities. Methylotrophic bacteria were isolated from the tongue, and supra-and subgingival plaque in the mouths of volunteers and patients with periodontitis. The isolation, identification, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and molecular characterization of methylotrophic bacteria from 150 volunteers and patients with periodontitis were done using standard method. Nutrient agar fortified with methylamine as a growth factor was used to aid the growth of these bacteria. The result show that a total of twelve (12) bacteria were identified. These are Bacillus licheniformis, Neisseria flava, Neisseria meningitis, Micrococcus flava, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Methylobacteria radiotolerance, Methylotrophic thiocynatum, Methylococcus capsulatum, Methylotrophic rubra and Branhamella catarhalis. The antibiotics susceptibility test showed that B. licheniformis, N. meningitis and P. aeruginosa exhibited the highest resistance against the antibiotics. The 12 bacteria were characterized molecularly with Polymerase chain reaction PCR amplified method using primers for the virulence genes of Methylotroph. The mxaF gene of methanol dehy-drogenase MxaF was detected in 3 bacteria: pilc of pilin gene in 3 bacteria, stx1 of shiga toxin nana of neuraminidase and pila of pilin gene was detected in all the bacteria. The results obtained in this research showed that methylotrophs may be responsible for periodontitis and that healthy people are carriers