Epidemiology, incidence and mortality of bladder cancer and their relationship with the development index in the world

Background: Bladder cancer is an international public health problem. It is the ninth most common cancer and the fourteenth leading cause of death due to cancer worldwide. Given aging populations, the incidence of this cancer is rising. Information on the incidence and mortality of the disease, and their relationship with level of economic development is essential for better planning. The aim of the study was to investigate bladder cancer incidence and mortality rates, and their relationship with the the Human Development Index (HDI) in the world. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from incidence and mortality rates presented by GLOBOCAN in 2012. Data on HDI and its components were extracted from the global bank site. The number and standardized incidence and mortality rates were reported by regions and the distribution of the disease were drawn in the world. For data analysis, the relationship between incidence and death rates, and HDI and its components was measured using correlation coefficients and SPSS software. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: In 2012, 429,793 bladder cancer cases and 165,084 bladder death cases occurred in the world. Five countries that had the highest age-standardized incidence were Belgium 17.5 per 100,000, Lebanon 16.6/100,000, Malta 15.8/100,000, Turkey 15.2/100,000, and Denmark 14.4/100,000. Five countries that had the highest age-standardized death rates were Turkey 6.6 per 100,000, Egypt 6.5/100,000, Iraq 6.3/100,000, Lebanon 6.3/100,000, and Mali 5.2/100,000. There was a positive linear relationship between the standardized incidence rate and HDI (r=0.653, P<0.001), so that there was a positive correlation between the standardized incidence rate with life expectancy at birth, average years of schooling, and the level of income per person of population. A positive linear relationship was also noted between the standardized mortality rate and HDI (r=0.308, P<0.001). There was a positive correlation between the standardized mortality rate with life expectancy at birth, average years of schooling, and the level of income per person of population. Conclusions: The incidence of bladder cancer in developed countries and parts of Africa was higher, while the highest mortality rate was observed in the countries of North Africa and the Middle East. The program for better treatment in developing countries to reduce mortality from the cancer and more detaiuled studies on the etiology of are essential

Spatial analysis of skin cancer incidence in Iran

Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, including in Iran. Variations in its incidence rate among geographical areas are due to various contributing factors. Since there has been a lack of studies on this topic in our country, the present spatial analysis of skin cancer incidence in Iran in 2009 was conducted using data from the cancer registry system for the country. The reported incidences of the disease were standardized on the basis of the World Health Organization population and the direct method. Then the data were inserted into the GIS software, and finally, using the analysis of hot spots (Getis-Ord Gi), high-risk areas were drawn. Provinces that were 1.9 SD higher or lower than the national average were considered hot spots or cold spots, with significance at the level of 0.05. In 2009, a total of 9,964 cases of skin cancer occurred, 3,696 in women and 6,268 in men (standardized incidence rates of 15.8 and 22.6, respectively). The results of the study showed that in men and women, the disease demonstrated high incidence in the central provinces and desert regions. In women, Yazd Province and in men, Qom Province had significant hot spots (p < 0.05). While Isfahan, Markazi, Tehran and Kurdistan provinces were expected to be hot spots, the differences from the national average were not significant at the 0.05 level. As well, the provinces of Sistan Va Baluchistan, Kerman, and Hormozgan were identified as cold or low-risk disease regions (p < 0.05). The central provinces of the country due to hot weather conditions, more solar radiation, and closer vicinity to the central desert of Iran demonstrated higher incidence rates for skin cancer, so further epidemiological studies into the etiology and early detection are essential in these areas. © 2016, Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

Spatial analysis of colorectal cancer in Iran

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers. Due to demographic changes, it is predicted that the incidence of this cancer will increase. Variations of its incidence rate among geographical areas are due to various contributing factors. Since there have been a lack of studies on this topic in our country, the present assessment of spatial patterns of colorectal cancer incidence in Iran was performed. In this ecological study, the new cases of colon cancer were extracted from Cancer Registry Center report of the Health Deputy of Iran in 2009. The reported incidences of the disease were standardized on the basis of the World Health Organization population and the direct method. Then the data were inserted into the GIS software, and finally, using the analysis of hot spots (Getis-Ord Gi) high-risk areas were drawn. Provinces that are higher or lower than the national average (1.9 SD) were considered hot spots or cold spots, significant at the level of 0.05. A total of 6,210 cases of colorectal cancer were registered in Iran in 2009, of which 3,727 were in men and 2,783 in women (age-standardized rates of 11.3 and 10.9 per 100,000 population, respectively). The results showed that in central and northern Iran including Isfahan, Qom, Tehran, Qazvin and Mazandaran significant hot spots in men were present (p < 0.05). In women also we have high incidence in northern and central states: Mazandaran province (p < 0.01) and the province of Tehran (p < 0.05) had higher incidences than the national average and were apparent as significant hot spots. Analysis of the spatial distribution of colorectal cancer showed significant differences between different areas pointing to the necessity for further epidemiological studies into the etiology and early detection. © 2016, Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

Epidemiological characteristics of and risk factors for breast cancer in the world

Zohre Momenimovahed,1,2 Hamid Salehiniya3,4 1Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; 2Department of Reproductive Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 3Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; 4Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Aim: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and one of the most important causes of death among them. This review aimed to investigate the incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer and to identify the risk factors for breast cancer in the world.Materials and methods: A search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases without any time restrictions. The search keywords included the following terms: breast cancer, risk factors, incidence, and mortality and a combination of these terms. Studies published in English that referred to various aspects of breast cancer including epidemiology and risk factors were included in the study. Overall, 142 articles published in English were included in the study.Results: Based on the published studies, the incidence rate of breast cancer varies greatly with race and ethnicity and is higher in developed countries. Results of this study show that mortality rate of breast cancer is higher in less developed regions. The findings of this study demonstrated that various risk factors including demographic, reproductive, hormonal, hereditary, breast related, and lifestyle contribute to the incidence of breast cancer.Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer is rising, so design and implementation of screening programs and the control of risk factors seem essential. Keywords: breast cancer, risk factor, incidence, mortality, epidemiolog

Incidence and mortality of uterine cancer and relationship with Human Development Index in the world

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence, mortality of uterine cancer, their relationship with Human Development Index (HDI), and its components in world in 2012. Material and Methods: Data were obtained from incidence and mortality rates presented by GLOBOCAN in 2012. Data on HDI and its components were extracted from the World Bank site. We used the correlation bivariate method for assessment of the correlation between Standardized Mortality Rates (SMRs) and Standardized Incidence Rates with HDI, and its details. Results: In total, 52762 incidence cases and 265672 deaths of prostate cancer were recorded in 2012 in all countries in the world. ASMR for cervix uteri cancer was 6.8 per hundred thousand people in the entire world and ASMR for cervix uteri cancer was 6.8 per hundred thousand people in the entire world. A negative correlation of - 0.578 was seen between SIR of uterine cancer and HDI. Also, a negative correlation of - 0.717 was seen between SMR of uterine cancer and HDI. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the incidence and mortality of uterine cancer is higher in less developed countries and incidence is positively significantly related to HDI. Finally, the expansion of effective, acceptable screening programs can effectively reduce the incidence of Cancer

Effects of counseling on lifestyle of menopause women and their spouses: a randomized, controlled trial study (RCT)

Background: Menopause is a part of the normal aging process, but considerably affect the different aspects of women and their spouse lifestyle. Stabilizing a healthy lifestyle is important way to control predisposing factors of disease conditions in menopause women, thus counseling may have a major role for improving lifestyle in women and their spouse. Objective: The present study aimed to assess the influence of counseling on lifestyle of menopause women and their spouses. Methods: An interventional trials study was performed on 120 consecutive Iranian couples (menopause women and their spouses) who were resident in Hamadan. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive counseling service as intervention group or did not receive this service as control group. The lifestyle assessment was performed before counseling, and also after the first session (2 months later) and second session (2 months after the first session) of counseling. The control group did not receive any counseling. In total, five sessions were programmed for one hour as couple Counseling at home. Results: The scores of nutritional habits and physical activity level at baseline were significantly similar between the two groups. However, both nutritional habit and physical activity scores were significantly increased after regular counseling in the intervention group, while these scores remained unchanged in the control group. Conclusion: Counseling has beneficial effects on lifestyle modification in both menopause women and their spouses regarding improvement of nutritional habits and physical activity

Relationship between Plasma Concentrations of Maternal Zinc during Pregnancy and the Risk for Orofacial Cleft

Aim: Recent studies have suggested the occurrence of a variety of abnormalities including oral clefts following the deficiency of nutritional elements. The present study aimed to address the association between plasma concentrations of maternal zinc and the risk of an infant being born with an orofacial cleft. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study conducted in Hamadan, Iran, 2015, 48 mothers of children with an isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate and 48 control mothers of children with no congenital malformations were recruited. The concentration of zinc in the whole blood was measured using flame atomic absorption spectrometry method. Data were analyzed by the use of descriptive and analytical statistics in SPSS version 16. Results and Discussion: Plasma level of zinc in a group with orofacial clefts was 16.87 +/- 8.17 mu mol/L, and in the control group was 19.28 +/- 8.83 that was statistically similar between the groups (t = -1.329, P = 0.187). T-test showed that the two groups did not have a significant difference in zinc level. The odds ratio (OR) for the case and control group was 1.6, which indicates there was no significant difference in zinc deficiency between the two groups (OR = 1.66, 95 confidence interval = 0.61-4.54, P = 0.426). Conclusion: Despite lower zinc plasma levels in women of the case group, the difference in concentration of this element was not statistically significant between the two groups. In general, there is no definitive conclusion on whether the deficiency of nutritional elements during pregnancy is the cause of malformations or not, and it is still necessary to further studies

Is Pregnancy Characteristic Associated with Ovarian Cancer? A Review of the Available Evidence

Numerous epidemiological studies examining the etiology of ovarian cancer and the role of pregnancy related factors in ovarian cancer has been one of the topics of interest to many researchers. Various articles have only mentioned the link between some risk factors and ovarian cancer, but no study has addressed the various dimensions of this issue to this day. Therefore, due to the important position of ovarian cancer among gynecological cancers, this study was conducted to investigate the pregnancy-related risk factors for ovarian cancer. To determine the relationship between pregnancy characteristic and ovarian cancer, a comprehensive search was carried out in English databases such as; Medline, Web of Science Core Collection, and Scopus using keywords; pregnancy, ovarian cancer (or 'carcinoma of the ovary' or 'ovarian neoplasm' or 'ovarian tumor'), risk factor, pregnancy characteristic terms and a combination of these terms. Full-text, English language, and original articles were included in this study. In total, 35 articles were entered into the study. The relationship between pregnancy related factors and ovarian cancer were studied. Although there was a weak association between some factors such as preterm birth and the risk of ovarian cancer, only the strong protective effect of parity was seen in the articles. The results of this study did not show that pregnancy related factors increase the risk of ovarian cancer. In summary, the findings are inadequate regarding some risk factors such as gender of fetus, multiple pregnancy, placental and fetal weight, parity, miscarriage, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes, and raised questions for future research

Ovarian cancer in the world: epidemiology and risk factors

Aim: Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecologic cancers that has the highest mortality rate. Considering the fact that knowledge on the incidence, mortality of ovarian cancer, as well as its risk factors is necessary for planning and preventing complications, this study was conducted with the aim of examining the epidemiology and risk factors of ovarian cancer in the world. Materials and methods: In order to access the articles, Medline, Web of Science Core Collection, and Scopus databases were searched from their start to the year 2018. Full-text, English observational studies that referred to various aspects of ovarian cancer were included in the study. Results: In total, 125 articles that had been published during the years 1925-2018 were entered into the study. Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer among women. Increased risk factors of cancer have led to an upward trend in the incidence of cancer around the world. In 2018, 4.4 of entire cancer-related mortality among women was attributed to ovarian cancer. Although the incidence of cancer is higher among high Human Development Index (HDI) countries, the trend of mortality rate tends to be reversing. Various factors affect the occurrence of ovarian cancer, from which genetic factor are among the most important ones. Pregnancy, lactation, and oral contraceptive pills play a role in reducing the risk of this disease. Conclusion: This study provides significant evidence about ovarian cancer. Considering the heavy burden of ovarian cancer on women's health, preventive measures as well as health education and early detection in high risk groups of women are highly recommended. Although some risk factors cannot be changed, a focus on preventable risk factors may reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. More studies are needed to explore the role of unclear risk factors in ovarian cancer occurrence

Do the Fertility Drugs Increase the Risk of Cancer? A Review Study

Aim: All over the world, many couples cannot conceive a child and have problems with pregnancy. Ovulation-inducing drugs are among the most important drugs used for the treatment of infertility. In recent years, there have been many debates about the relationship between fertility medication and cancer. Due to the lack of comprehensive study of this matter, and as understanding the relationship between the use of fertility drugs and cancer is of importance, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between infertility drugs and cancer in women. Materials and Methods: To determine the relationship between infertility treatment and cancer, a comprehensive search was carried out in databases such as; Medline, Web of Science Core Collection, and Scopus using keywords words; "infertility," "ovulation induction," "cancer," "infertility treatment," "ART," "tumor," "controlled ovarian stimulation," "fertility agents," and "neoplasms." Full-text, English language, and original articles were included in this study. Results: In total, 81 articles were entered into the study. The relationship between fertility medications and breast, ovary, endometrial, uterus, colon, thyroid, skin, cervical, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cancers were studied. Although the relationship between fertility medications and cancer is theoretically justifiable, most studies have shown that risk of cancer will not increase after fertility treatment. Conclusion: The results of this study did not show that fertility medications increase the risk of cancer among users. In summary, the relationship between infertility treatment and cancer incidence remains an open question