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A historical and cultural analysis of the position of Abaluyia Women in Kenyan Quaker Christianity: 1902-1979
The Society of Friends has always declared the equality of women and men. The way
in which it has practised this equality has often been influenced by the attitudes
surrounding society and culture. This thesis examines and interprets the status, roles
and experiences of Abaluyia women in the East Africa Yearly Meeting of Friends
(EAYM). The thesis argues that the Abaluyia culture and philosophy prescribed a
largely marginal role for women and in turn was absorbed into and dominated the
thinking of EAYM. Second the thesis recaptures the story of the women concernedmaking
them primary rather than secondary voices in their own history.The thesis begins by analysing how the concept of engoko determined the place and
role of women in Abaluyia society. It then examines the American cultural, social
and religious context out of which the Friends missionaries came and which
invariably shaped their ways of understanding reality and organising their work in
Kenya. The arrival of the first Friends missionaries in Kenya in 1902 aimed at raising
the spiritual and living standards of the Abaluyia people, especially the women.
Their experiences of Abaluyia culture and perceptions of the people is assessed, as
well as the move to establish EAYM in 1946. A closer look is taken at the complex
and interconnected issues of marriage (especially polygyny) and bride wealth.
Missionary inability to grasp the issues involved allowed the Quaker elders to make
policies which often reflected the patriarchal views of Abaluyia society. The thesis
also examines the nature of mission work among Abaluyia women, and argues that
much of the mission discussion about women was prescriptive, confining the ideal
Abaluyia woman to her function as mother and homemaker. The discussion shows
how missionaries assumed an ideal universal understanding of womanhood and how
this affected Abaluyia women's roles in the church and in the wider society.The way in which Abaluyia women experienced and responded to Quaker
Christianity is also assessed, especially how they formed separate groups which
developed into a Women's Yearly Meeting. From their marginal position women
emerged strongly to contribute to the work of a growing church. The thesis then
proceeds to discuss the place of women in the organisational structure of EAYM.Using the cases of Maria Atiamuga and Keran Nyamusi Alfayo, the thesis argues
that women have been sidelined from the leadership of EAYM because it reflects a
traditional pattern of clan leadership which is exclusively male. Finally the thesis
assesses the role of women in pastoral ministry by discussing the nature of training at
Friends Bible Institute (FBI) and the type of ministry open to women. Using Rasoah
Mutua, the first woman graduate from FBI, the thesis shows that the traditional
Friends championing of spiritual equality for men and women in the church has not
been realised in EAYM.The thesis concludes with a reflection on this disparity due to the persistence of
engoko, and proposes a rediscovery of a Friends teaching in this respect, and the
formulation of a new ethos in accordance with it to replace engoko