ROLE OF IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 CYTOKINES IN THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is socially significant disease. COPD is based on chronic inflammatory process of respiratory tract, which determines steady progression of the bronchial obstruction. Studies of the role of cytokines in immune pathogenesis of COPD are of crucial importance. The biological mediators determine local, systemic inflammation, and pathophysiological effects of extra-systemic pathological manifestations. In this work, we studied spontaneous and induced production of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 cytokines by blood leukocytes from the patients with moderate and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, beyond the exacerbation phase. It is shown that the evident role in formation of the inflammatory process in COPD belongs to the IL-6, IL-8. We have found a significant increase in both spontaneous and induced production of IL-6 and IL-8 (p < 0.05) in the patients. Induced production of cytokines strongly suggests the reserve capabilities of immunocompetent cells in response to the pathogenic factor. Neutrophilic type of inflammation, manifesting as activation of granulocytes, mostly, neutrophils, in response to toxic agents (in particular, smoking) and bacterial pathogens, is primarily associated with IL-6 and IL-8. These results reflect the type and intensity of respiratory tract inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its persistent course.High levels of the studied cytokines confirm their role in bronchial remodeling and contribute to irreversibility of bronchial obstruction in this disorder. The relationship between spontaneous and induced production of the studied cytokines and the clinical indices of the disease course has been shown. Statistically significant increase between frequency of COPD recurrences (more than 2 times pro year, p < 0.05), and low FEV1 values (p < 0.05) were observed in patients with high values of spontaneous and induced production of IL-6 and IL-8. It may be associated with persistent course of neutrophilic inflammation of respiratory tract and progressive bronchial obstruction. IL-6 and IL-8 significantly contribute to pathogenetic mechanisms, determining the clinical course of COPD and may serve as markers of severity in this disorder. Certainly, the immune mechanisms of pathological inflammation in COPD are complex and multifaceted. Studies of clinical significance of induced cytokine production will help the physician when determining type and duration of treatment. Personalized approach to the therapy of patients with COPD depends on the phenotype of pathology, pattern, severity and intensity of inflammation

Rational Use of Land Resource During the Implementation of Transportless System of Coal Strata Surface Mining

Surface mining and open pits engineering affect the environment in a very negative way. Among other pollutions that open pits make during mineral deposits exploiting, particular problem is the landscape changing. Along with converting the land into pits, surface mining is connected with pilling dumps that occupy large ground. The article describes an analysis of transportless methods of several coal seams strata surface mining, applied for open pits of South Kuzbass coal enterprises (Western Siberia, Russia). To improve land-use management of open pit mining enterprises, the characteristics of transportless technological schemes for several coal seams strata surface mining are highlighted and observed. These characteristics help to systematize transportless open mining technologies using common criteria that characterize structure of the bottom part of a strata and internal dumping schemes. The schemes of transportless systems of coal strata surface mining implemented in South Kuzbass are given

Trends in the Development of Ferrous Metallurgy

Ferrous metalsâsteel and other iron alloysâwill continue to be the main structural materials in the twenty-first century. This is determined by the possibility that they will regularly acquire a vast range of physical-mechanical properties, by their universal use in different areas of the national economy, by an optimal correlation between price and the effectiveness of their use, and by production's well-developed raw materials and technological base. This uniqueness of iron alloys makes ferrous metallurgy one of the basic branches that determines the country's economic progress.