Freeze out in narrow and wide layers

The freeze out of particles from a layer of finite thickness is discussed in a phenomenological kinetic model. The proposed model, based on the Modified Boltzman Transport Equation, is Lorentz invariant and can be applied equally well for the freeze out layers with space-like and time-like normal vectors. It leads to non-equilibrated post freeze out distributions. The dependence of the resulting distribution on the thickness of the layer is presented and discussed for a space-like freeze out scenario.Comment: Minor corrections to improve the presentation. 4 pages, 2 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of "Quark Matter 2005", August 4-9, 2005, Budapest, Hungar

Covariant kinetic freeze out description through a finite space-time layer

We develop and analyze a covariant FO probability valid for a finite space-time layer.Comment: Proceedings of "Quark Matter 2005", 4 pages, 3 figures, with correction

Flavor ordering of elliptic flows at high transverse momentum

Based on the quark coalescence model for the parton-to-hadron phase transition in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions, we relate the elliptic flow ($v_2$) of high \pt hadrons to that of high \pt quarks. For high \pt hadrons produced from an isospin symmetric and quark-antiquark symmetric partonic matter, magnitudes of their elliptic flows follow a flavor ordering as $(v_{2,\pi}=v_{2,N}) > (v_{2,\Lambda}=v_{2,\Sigma}) > v_{2,K} > v_{2,\Xi} > (v_{2,\phi}=v_{2,\Omega})$ if strange quarks have a smaller elliptic flow than light quarks. The elliptic flows of high \pt hadrons further follow a simple quark counting rule if strange quarks and light quarks have same high \pt spectrum and coalescence probability.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, revte

Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-Proliferative Activity of an Imidazolium Salt and its Silver Carbene Complex: Utilization of Picolyl and Quinolylmethyl Substituents

The imidazolium salt (IS) and silver carbene complex (SCC) studied in this report are 3-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1-(quinolin-2-ylmethyl)imidazolium chloride (1) and 3-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1-(quinolin-2-ylmethyl)imidazole – silver acetate complex (2). It was anticipated that the anti-proliferative activity of 1 and 2 would be similar to other characterized ISs while having increased solubility. The SCC (2) was synthesized in order to simulate the ligand-metal coordination similar to that of cisplatin. The success of the synthetic processes of 1 and 2 were determined by 1H NMR (300 MHz) spectroscopy. In addition, 1 was also characterized by 1H NMR (500 MHz) and 13C NMR (500 MHz) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The anti-proliferative activity of 1 was determined via MTT assay. 2-(Chloromethyl)pyridine and 1-(quinolin-2-ylmethyl)imidazole were dissolved in acetonitrile and successfully combined under reflux conditions to form 1. However, 1 exhibited limited anti-proliferative activity; an IC50 value of greater than 30 μM was obtained for both NCI-H460 and A549 cell lines. Likewise, 1 and silver acetate were dissolved in methylene chloride and successfully combined under anaerobic conditions to form 2. Compound 2, like 1, exhibited hygroscopic behavior. Because 1 lacks anti-proliferative activity, further research should be focused on substituent families that have greater structural similarity to the ISs previously determined, via research, to exhibit great activity

Has the Millennium Yet Dawned? : A History of Attitudes Toward Pregnant Workers in America

This Article will focus on what might be considered the prehistory of the PDA in an attempt to shed new light on the equality/difference debate. Beginning as early as the nineteenth century, pregnant workers have been forced into either the equality approach or the difference approach depending mostly on race and class. This Article will show that, at times, both approaches restrained the autonomy of women and even caused harm to individual women and society by contributing to the development of the stereotypes and social attitudes that continue to permit pregnancy discrimination today