Managing Technogenic Risks with Stakeholder Cooperation

Risks involved in new technologies or arising from novel configurations of old technologies recurrently result in major accidents. For example, the new bioleaching technology to extract nickel from ore was taken into use in Finland in 2008. Later, one of the personnel died as a victim of hydrogen sulfide exposure and there were unplanned releases of process waters that contaminated lakes and rivers. Several risk analyses were performed but none of them considered the local climate and surrounding environmental circumstances. A comprehensive risk assessment process combining the knowledge of different stakeholders, authorities, and citizens would have helped to avoid the sad outcome. A single enterprise has a very clear picture of the risk figure on its own, but is reluctant to reveal commercially sensitive information to others, and even incapable of understanding all the expectations and constraints that the natural and built environments may impose. Only governmental authorities are in a position to form a comprehensive picture of all the risks. This paper presents a new approach for a proactive risk identification method based on collaborative integrated assessment. It states that by implementing this method society is able to utilize the science-based information in an efficient way for managing the emerging technogenic risks

Tools and Methods for Supporting Regional Decision-Making in Relation to Climate Risks

Climate change has had a major impact on the Nordic region. For example, the mean temperature rise is expected to be 4–6°C by 2080. In Finland, the regional authorities are responsible for climate change adaptation. Some of the most vulnerable sectors include energy, tourism, transport and water supply. Currently, it appears that the authorities are not familiar with the tools for assessing climate risks and lack knowledge about the impact of climate change. In this paper, we provide a review of risk assessment methods and decision-making tools, focusing on adapting to climate change in a Finnish context. Our research method comprises a systematic qualitative literature review dealing with relevant journals, dissertations and deliverables of relevant EU projects since 2005

Indium oxide diffusion barriers for Al/Si metallizations

Indium oxide (In2O3) films were prepared by reactive rf sputtering of an In target in O2/Ar plasma. We have investigated the application of these films as diffusion barriers in Si/In2O3/Al and Si/TiSi2.3/In2O3/Al metallizations. Scanning transmission electron microscopy together with energy dispersive analysis of x ray of cross-sectional Si/In2O3/Al specimens, and electrical measurements on shallow n + -p junction diodes were used to evaluate the diffusion barrier capability of In2O3 films. We find that 100-nm-thick In2O3 layers prevent the intermixing between Al and Si in Si/In2O3/Al contacts up to 650°C for 30 min, which makes this material one of the best thin-film diffusion barriers on record between Al and Si. (The Si-Al eutectic temperature is 577°C, Al melts at 660°C.) When a contacting layer of titanium silicide is incorporated to form a Si/TiSi2.3/In2O3/Al metallization structure, the thermal stability of the contact drops to 600°C for 30 min heat treatment

The male genital system of the cellar spider Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775) (Pholcidae, Araneae): development of spermatozoa and seminal secretion

BACKGROUND: Most arthropods pass through several molting stages (instars) before reaching sexual maturity. In spiders, very little is known about the male genital system, its development and seminal secretions. For example, it is unknown whether spermatozoa exist prior to-, or only after the final molt. Likewise, it is unclear whether sperm are produced throughout male adulthood or only once in a lifetime, as is whether seminal secretions contain factors capable of manipulating female behavior. In order to shed light on these aspects of the reproductive biology of spiders, we investigated the male genital system of the common cellar spider Pholcus phalangioides, with special emphasis on its development and seminal secretions. RESULTS: Testes already display all stages of spermatogenesis in subadult males (about four weeks before the final molt). Their vasa deferentia possess proximally a very voluminous lumen containing dense seminal fluid and few spermatozoa, whereas the distal part is seemingly devoid of contents. Spermatoza of P. phalangioides are typical cleistospermia with individual secretion sheaths. In male stages approximately two weeks prior to the final molt, the lumina of the testes are wider and filled with a dense secretion. The wide, proximal portion of the vasa deferentia is filled with secretion and a large number of spermatozoa, and the narrow distal part also contains secretion. In adult males, the wide lumina of the testes are packed with spermatozoa and secretions. The latter are produced by the somatic cells that bear microvilli and contain many vesicles. The lumina of the vasa deferentia are narrow and filled with spermatozoa and secretions. We could identify a dense matrix of secretion consisting of mucosubstances and at least three types of secretion droplets, likely consisting of proteinaceous substances. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that spermatogenesis begins weeks before maturity and takes place continuously in the long-lived males of P. phalangioides. Possible functions of the various types of secretion in the seminal fluid and previously investigated female secretions are discussed in the light of sexual selection

Devising and demonstrating an extreme weather risk indicator for use in transportation systems

This paper describes a novel risk indicator for extreme weather risks for use in transportation systems. The risk indicator is applied to the European transportation system indicating and ranking the risks for the 27 member states of the European Union (EU-27). The paper starts with definitions of hazards, vulnerability, and risk, based on relevant literature, and then operationalizes the risk, hazard, and vulnerability with the help of EU-27 data. Finally, the paper discusses the extreme weather risk indicator (EWRI) and evaluates its applicability and limitations. The risk indicator is a relative indicator: it should be viewed and treated as a ranking system. The devised indicator is able to assist decision makers at national and state as well as international and federal levels in the prioritization of extreme weather risks within their jurisdiction. The overall approach of EWRI is based on mainstream risk and vulnerability assessment research, following for the most part the existing conceptual models. The novelty of EWRI lies in its application area (transportation) and wide use of both empirical and statistical data. EWRI was used to assess the hazards, vulnerabilities, and risks of extreme weather for the EU-27, but nothing hinders its application, either in this form or a modified form, in other contexts

Determinants of relative weight and body fat distribution in an international perspective

Overweight can be defined as excess storage of body fat in an individual. In adult men with a "normal" weight, the percentage of body fat is about 15-20%. In women this percentage is higher, about 25-30%. In spite of the fact that differences in weight between individuals are only partly due to variation in body fat, indices based on relative weight (such as body mass index (EM!), defined as weight (kg) divided by the square of height (m'» are most often used to measure the degree of overweigh!. It has been shown that there is a very good correlation between BMI and the percentage of body fat in large populations I, and therefore the use of BMI to measure the degree of overweight in popUlations is justified. Overweight is generally defined as BMI equal to or higher than 25 kg/m', and obesity as BMI equal to or higher than 30 kg/m'. These cut-off points have been recently incorporated in the WHO Expert Committee recommendation for the classification of overweight '. The WHO report names the first as grade I overweight and the laller as grade 2 overweight, but these terms have not spread to a wider use. In the following, the term overweight will be used to refer both to overweight and obesity when not referring to obesity alone

Häiriöpäästöjen ympäristöriskianalyysi – YMPÄRI -hankkeen suositukset

Julkaisun 14.5.2007 päivitetty tarkistuslista (liite 1), seurausmatriisi (taulukko 2, sivulla 29) ja riskimatriisi (taulukko 3, sivulla 36) ovat erillisenä tiedostona.Häiriöpäästöjen hallinta on riskien hallintaa, jossa keskeinen hallinnan keino on riskianalyysi. Riskianalyysin avulla tunnistetaan ja arvioidaan riskit sekä niiden hallintaan tarvittavat toimenpiteet. Tässä raportissa tarkastellaan laitoskohtaista teollisen toiminnan häiriöpäästöjen ympäristöriskien arviointia. Hankkeessa laadittiin ns. YMPÄRI-suositukset hyvän ympäristöriskianalyysin sisällöstä ja terminologiasta sisältäen keskeiset häiriöpäästöjen ympäristöriskianalyysien tekemisen avuksi kehitetyt työkalut. Suomen ympäristökeskuksen, Turvatekniikan keskuksen ja VTT:n yhteistyö sekä haastattelut ja hankkeessa järjestetyt työpajat tarjosivat laajalle joukolle viranomaisia, konsultteja, johtamisjärjestelmäsertifioijia ja yritysedustajia mahdollisuuden kommentoida ja vaikuttaa ympäristöriskianalyysin sisällön määrittämiseen. YMPÄRI-suositusten avulla toimijat voivat varmistua siitä, että analyysi täyttää sekä ympäristö- että kemikaalivalvontaviranomaisten, kuin myös johtamisjärjestelmiä arvioivien sertifiointielimien vaatimukset. YMPÄRI-suosituksessa nojaudutaan vahvasti riskianalyysitekniikoiden hyödyntämiseen järjestelmällisessä riskien tunnistamisessa. Todennäköisyyden ja seurausten arvioimiseen annetaan selkeät ohjeet ja työkalut - ympäristöriskien seurausmatriisi ja arvottamismatriisi. Molemmat matriisit sisältävät jo valmiiksi näkemykset riskien hyväksyttävyydestä. Jatkohankkeessa on tarkoitus testata YMPÄRI-suosituksia muutamassa teollisuuslaitoksessa, tarvittaessa parantaa niitä ja laatia tietokonepohjainen ohjelma ympäristöriskianalyysien tekemisen avuksi

Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes - a world-wide epidemic.

Obesity is now commonly defined in adults as a BMI > 30 kg/m2. The prevalence of obesity in established market economies (Europe, USA, Canada, Australia, etc.) varies greatly, but a weighed estimate suggests an average prevalence in the order of 15-20%. The prevalence in these countries generally shows increasing trends over time. Obesity is also relatively common in Latin America, but much less so in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia where the majority of the world population lives. Nevertheless obesity rates are increasing there as well and, more importantly, rates of diabetes are increasing even more quickly, particularly in Asian countries. The risks of type 2 diabetes mellitus in these countries tend to increase sharply at levels of BMI generally classified as acceptable in European and North American white people. There have been suggestions to adopt specific classifications of obesity in Asians (e.g. BMI 23 for overweight and 25 or 27 kg/m2 for obesity) and this will greatly affect the prevalence estimates of obesity worldwide (currently at about 250 million people). Particularly for health promotion purposes BMI may be replaced by a classification based on waist circumference, but also specific classifications for different ethnic groups may be necessary. The number of diabetics has been projected to increase from 135 million in 1995 to 300 million in 2025. Much of this increase will be seen in Asia. In summary, both obesity and type 2 diabetes are common consequences of changing lifestyles (increased sedentary lifestyles and increased energy density of diets). Both are potentially preventable through lifestyle modification on a population level, but this requires a coherent and multifaceted strategy. Such strategies are not developed or implemented. These developments point toward the great urgency to develop global and national plans for adequate prevention and management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus