Institutions and Mechanisms for Internal Conflict Resolution: Legal and Non-Legal Means in Resolving Dispute and Attaining Justice in Malaysia

Seeking justice is a noble cause and dispensing justice is an obligation that the state must fulfill. Under the doctrine of separation of powers courts exist to protect people and their rights, to guarantee fairness and justice for all. The task to combat injustices, produce a just ordering of society, ensure a fair distribution of material and legal resources, safeguard the rule of law, promote equality, ensure proportionality in punishment, and protect entitlements and legitimate expectations should not be put on the shoulders of judges and courts only. It must be spread out and shared by other institutions and by whatever means availabl

Higher-dimensional black holes with a conformally invariant Maxwell source

We consider an action for an abelian gauge field for which the density is given by a power of the Maxwell Lagrangian. In d spacetime dimensions this action is shown to enjoy the conformal invariance if the power is chosen as d/4. We take advantage of this conformal invariance to derive black hole solutions electrically charged with a purely radial electric field. Because of considering power of the Maxwell density, the black hole solutions exist only for dimensions which are multiples of four. The expression of the electric field does not depend on the dimension and corresponds to the four-dimensional Reissner-Nordstrom field. Using the Hamiltonian action we identify the mass and the electric charge of these black hole solutions.Comment: 5 page

The Constitutional Court\u27s Role in Consolidating Democracy and Reforming Local Election

Within the same group as the USA and India Indonesia is one of the largest democracies in the world. After experiencing authoritarian rule for a few decades since its independence the country finally at the beginning of the twenty first century managed to chart along its new direction along democratic course and values. More than a decade has passed since the democratic transition begun yet the country still faces various constitutional dilemmas and enigmas. One of organs of the government which has been entrusted to transform the country into a democratic nation is the Constitutional Court. The objective of this paper is to provide critical analyses of the role of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia in the process of consolidating local democracy. The scope of analysis is confined to a number of important cases heard by the court on local election disputes from the year 2008 to 2013. The rationale to focus on local election is because local government provides the second layer of government for this unitary country making the governance more democratic and more in touch with local population. The result of the study is the Constitutional Court through its decisions has created conducive political situation and has provided significant contributions in the process of consolidating local democracy. In spite of limited number of judges and short period of settlement to disputes brought before it the Court have settled all disputes regarding local elections without much delay and complaint. Nevertheless there are some areas that need to be addressed by the court to enhance its efficiency and effectiveness. A few factors have been identified to be the cause of the problems namely problem of design of structure of the Court, extension of the scope of authority, period of settlement, over-dosis of authority and the breach of code of ethics of the judges.Thus it is recommended that in order to perpetuate the excellent achievements of the court the institution need to be strengthened by addressing the problems

A Conceptual Framework for Knowledge Management Implementation in Organizations

This study aimed to identify the processes associated with knowledge management implementation and develop a framework with different stages that combines these processes to guide the initiative for implementing knowledge management in organizations. The study was approached from a theoretical perspective. The study contributes to the knowledge management literature by developing a conceptual framework of knowledge management. A comprehensive review was conducted of recent progress and the rapidly growing number of published studies on knowledge management implementation. The review revealed ten critical processes that should be considered to ensure successful knowledge management initiatives. Based on that, a framework for knowledge management implementation is proposed. Specifically, the processes associated with implementing knowledge management are logically distributed among the PDCA framework promulgated and reflecting the four domains of the Plan–Do–Check–Act, which has consistently shown the capability to encompass all processes of effective knowledge management implementation. The framework can be used as a reference for implementing knowledge management initiatives in organizations. Finally, this study emphasizes that continuous process methods are significant in implementing knowledge management initiatives. By placing knowledge management implementation processes in the PDCA cycle, task-based knowledge can be better recognized and understood

Robust Sliding Mode Observers for Large Scale Systems with Application to a Multimachine Power System

In this paper, a class of interconnected systems with structured and unstructured uncertainties is considered where the known interconnections and uncertain interconnections are nonlinear. The bounds on the uncertainties are employed in the observer design to enhance the robustness when the structure of the uncertainties is available for design. Under the condition that the structure distribution matrices of the uncertainties are known, a robust sliding mode observer is designed and a set of sufficient conditions is developed to guarantee that the error dynamics are asymptotically stable. In the case that the structure of uncertainties is unknown, an ultimately bounded approximate observer is developed to estimate the system states using sliding mode techniques. The results obtained are applied to a multimachine power system, and simulation for a two machine power system is presented to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the developed methods

Variable structure observer for a class of nonlinear large-scale interconnected systems with uncertainties

In this paper, a variable structure observer design approach is proposed for a class of nonlinear, large-scale interconnected systems in the presence of unstructured uncertainty. The modern geometric approach is exploited to explore the system structure and a transformation is developed to facilitate observer design. Using the Lyapunov direct method, a robust asymptotic observer is presented which exploits the internal dynamic structure of the system as well as the structure of the uncertainties. The bounds on the uncertainties are nonlinear and are employed in the observer design to reject the effect of the uncertainties. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the approach and the simulation results show that the proposed approach is effective

Robust sliding mode observer design for interconnected systems

In this paper, a class of nonlinear interconnected systems is considered in the presence of structured and unstructured uncertainties. The bounds on the uncertainties are nonlinear and are employed in the observer design to reject the effect of the uncertainties. Under the condition that the structure matrices of the uncertainties are known, a robust sliding mode observer is designed and a set of sufficient conditions is developed such that the error dynamics are asymptotically stable. If the structure of the uncertainties is unknown, an ultimately bounded observer is developed using sliding mode techniques. The obtained results are applied to a multimachine power system to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed methods

Health risk assessment due to emissions from medical waste incinerator in Malaysia

In this research, health risk assessment due to the emission of pollutants from a medical waste incinerator located within industrial estate in the northern part of Malaysia was presented. The influence of pollutants emission in the vicinity of the incineration plant was the main concern in this research. The measured emissions of pollutants from the stacks of the studied plant that may pose risk to human health and the environment are compared against the acceptable limit as in the Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulation 2014. Next, the levels of pollutants in ambient air are assessed in comparison with the guideline established by the Malaysia Ambient Air Quality Guideline (MAAQG). The health risk assessment was then conducted by calculating the quantitative risk for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic pollutants. The study reveals that the total cancer risk due to emission of carcinogenic pollutants from the incinerator is 1.84 × 10-5, which indicates risky circumstances as the calculated risk is higher than the benchmark of acceptable risk of 1 × 10-6. Meanwhile the health risk calculated due to emission of non-carcinogenic pollutants ranges between 0.000286 and 0.1, indicating acceptable risk. The result shows that the non-carcinogenic pollutants emitted from the studied medical waste incinerator are within the acceptable exposure limits. However, for carcinogens, the released amounts may cause human health risk, and therefore demands for further attention to reduce the concentrations as low as reasonably practicable, at least in compliance with the established guidelines

Structure and function in flow networks

Peer reviewedPublisher PD