12 research outputs found

    Évaluation des coĂ»ts de la dĂ©gradation des sols agricoles par l’érosion hydrique: Cas du Bassin versant "Tleta"

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    This paper proposes an appraisal of costs produced by water erosion within arable lands strongly exposed to erosion in the catchment area of Tleta, located in the Rif, in the north of Morocco. Adopted methodology is inventive as allows to distinguish the costs according to three severity levels of erosion while taking into account the compensatory contributions, often invisible, of adaptation measures implemented by farmers. The differences between the gross margins obtained in three zones, classified according to the intensity of erosion, are compared two to two. The ensuing losses of benefit for each degree of severity of water erosion are deduced from the discrepancies observed in relation to the slightly degraded zone. The opportunity costs of outstanding lab or resulting from the community mutual aid, identified as a current practice in the basin studied to mitigate the damage of erosion, are also estimated in each zone. The estimates obtained are extrapolated to the whole cereal area of the basin to determine the total cost engendered by water erosion. Key-words: Economic appraisal, degradation costs, water erosion, benefits loss, soil conservation, erosion cost, Rif, Morocco  Le prĂ©sent article propose une Ă©valuation des coĂ»ts produits par l’érosion hydrique au sein des terres agricoles fortement exposĂ©es Ă  l’érosion dans le bassin versant Tleta situĂ© dans le Rif, au nord du Maroc. La mĂ©thodologie adoptĂ©e est originale et permet de distinguer les coĂ»ts en fonction de trois niveaux de sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© de l'Ă©rosion tout en prenant en compte les apports compensatoires, souvent invisibles, des mesures d'adaptation mises en Ɠuvre par les agriculteurs. Les Ă©carts entre les marges brutes obtenues dans trois zones, classĂ©es selon l'intensitĂ© de l'Ă©rosion, sont comparĂ©s deux Ă  deux. Les pertes de bĂ©nĂ©fices consĂ©quentes Ă  chaque degrĂ© de sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© de l'Ă©rosion hydrique sont dĂ©duites des Ă©carts observĂ©s par rapport Ă  la zone faiblement dĂ©gradĂ©e. Les coĂ»ts d'opportunitĂ© du travail non rĂ©munĂ©rĂ© issu de l'entraide villageoise, identifiĂ©e comme pratique courante au niveau du bassin Ă©tudiĂ© pour pallier les dĂ©gĂąts de l'Ă©rosion, sont Ă©galement estimĂ©s dans chacune des zones. Les estimations obtenues sont extrapolĂ©es Ă  l'ensemble de la sole cĂ©rĂ©aliĂšre du bassin versant pour estimer le coĂ»t total produit par l'Ă©rosion hydrique. Mots clĂ©s : Évaluation Ă©conomique, coĂ»ts de la dĂ©gradation, Ă©rosion hydrique, perte de bĂ©nĂ©fices, conservation des sols, coĂ»ts de l'Ă©rosion, Rif, Maro

    Adaptation et conditions de formalisation des paiements pour services environnementaux pour la conservation des pĂąturages collectifs au Maroc

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    Payments for Environmental Services (PES) are an incentive tool for the conservation of environmental services (ES) which are the benefits from the natural ecosystems multifunctionality. The adaptation and formalization of PES to the context of common pastures are of great interest in the developing countries. However, this depends heavily on the political, economic and socio-cultural context and its capability to integrate the necessary adjustments. This paper proposes a reflection on ways of formalizing a PES scheme adapted to the context of common pastures in Morocco. The interest of PES is discussed first in light of a rapid assessment of two Moroccan incentive based experiences for pasturelands enclosure. The main lessons raise theoretical questions we tried to analyze by examining the role of economic rationality, organization and preferences of people in the common pastures with special regard to the decision formulation and the adoption of new management rules in the presence of an incentive. Moroccan experiences are analyzed on the basis of information from twenty semi-structured interviews with government actors and national experts. The results of our analyzes show a potential benefit of PES to promote the conservation of common pastures via enhanced and socially appropriate compliance and the need for a political vision accompanied by a redefinition of governance and suitable territorial scale able to sustain conservation.Les paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) reprĂ©sentent un outil d’incitation Ă  la conservation des services environnementaux (SE) qui sont des bĂ©nĂ©fices issus de la multifonctionnalitĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes naturels. L’adaptation des PSE et leur formalisation dans le contexte des pĂąturages collectifs seraient d’un intĂ©rĂȘt capital pour les pays en voie de dĂ©veloppement. Toutefois, cela dĂ©pend Ă©troitement du contexte politique, Ă©conomique et socioculturel en place et de son aptitude Ă  intĂ©grer les ajustements nĂ©cessaires. Le prĂ©sent papier propose une rĂ©flexion autour des voies d’une formalisation d’un PSE adaptĂ© au contexte des pĂąturages collectifs au Maroc. L’intĂ©rĂȘt des PSE est abordĂ©, dans un premier temps, Ă  la lumiĂšre d’une Ă©valuation rapide de deux expĂ©riences marocaines d’incitation Ă  la mise en dĂ©fens des pĂąturages. Les principaux enseignements soulĂšvent des questions thĂ©oriques que nous avons tentĂ© d’analyser en examinant le rĂŽle de la rationalitĂ© Ă©conomique, de l’organisation et des prĂ©fĂ©rences des Ă©leveurs concernĂ©s par ce type de pĂąturage dans la formulation de la dĂ©cision de l’adhĂ©sion Ă  de nouvelles rĂšgles de gestion en prĂ©sence d’une incitation. Les expĂ©riences marocaines sont analysĂ©es sur la base des informations tirĂ©es d’une vingtaine d’entretiens semi-directifs rĂ©alisĂ©s auprĂšs d’acteurs gouvernementaux et d’experts nationaux. Les rĂ©sultats de nos analyses montrent un intĂ©rĂȘt potentiel des PSE pour promouvoir la conservation des pĂąturages communs via une conditionnalitĂ© renforcĂ©e et socialement appropriĂ©e, et la nĂ©cessitĂ© d’une vision politique accompagnĂ©e par une redĂ©finition de la gouvernance et d’une Ă©chelle territoriale adaptĂ©e pour pĂ©renniser la conservation. Mots clĂ©s: Paiement pour services environnementaux, pĂąturages communs, conservation, adaptation, formalisation, mise en dĂ©fens

    Adaptation et conditions de formalisation des paiements pour services environnementaux pour la conservation des pĂąturages collectifs au Maroc

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    Payments for Environmental Services (PES) are an incentive tool for the conservation of environmental services (ES) which are the benefits from the natural ecosystems multifunctionality. The adaptation and formalization of PES to the context of common pastures are of great interest in the developing countries. However, this depends heavily on the political, economic and socio-cultural context and its capability to integrate the necessary adjustments. This paper proposes a reflection on ways of formalizing a PES scheme adapted to the context of common pastures in Morocco. The interest of PES is discussed first in light of a rapid assessment of two Moroccan incentive based experiences for pasturelands enclosure. The main lessons raise theoretical questions we tried to analyze by examining the role of economic rationality, organization and preferences of people in the common pastures with special regard to the decision formulation and the adoption of new management rules in the presence of an incentive. Moroccan experiences are analyzed on the basis of information from twenty semi-structured interviews with government actors and national experts. The results of our analyzes show a potential benefit of PES to promote the conservation of common pastures via enhanced and socially appropriate compliance and the need for a political vision accompanied by a redefinition of governance and suitable territorial scale able to sustain conservation.Les paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) reprĂ©sentent un outil d’incitation Ă  la conservation des services environnementaux (SE) qui sont des bĂ©nĂ©fices issus de la multifonctionnalitĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes naturels. L’adaptation des PSE et leur formalisation dans le contexte des pĂąturages collectifs seraient d’un intĂ©rĂȘt capital pour les pays en voie de dĂ©veloppement. Toutefois, cela dĂ©pend Ă©troitement du contexte politique, Ă©conomique et socioculturel en place et de son aptitude Ă  intĂ©grer les ajustements nĂ©cessaires. Le prĂ©sent papier propose une rĂ©flexion autour des voies d’une formalisation d’un PSE adaptĂ© au contexte des pĂąturages collectifs au Maroc. L’intĂ©rĂȘt des PSE est abordĂ©, dans un premier temps, Ă  la lumiĂšre d’une Ă©valuation rapide de deux expĂ©riences marocaines d’incitation Ă  la mise en dĂ©fens des pĂąturages. Les principaux enseignements soulĂšvent des questions thĂ©oriques que nous avons tentĂ© d’analyser en examinant le rĂŽle de la rationalitĂ© Ă©conomique, de l’organisation et des prĂ©fĂ©rences des Ă©leveurs concernĂ©s par ce type de pĂąturage dans la formulation de la dĂ©cision de l’adhĂ©sion Ă  de nouvelles rĂšgles de gestion en prĂ©sence d’une incitation. Les expĂ©riences marocaines sont analysĂ©es sur la base des informations tirĂ©es d’une vingtaine d’entretiens semi-directifs rĂ©alisĂ©s auprĂšs d’acteurs gouvernementaux et d’experts nationaux. Les rĂ©sultats de nos analyses montrent un intĂ©rĂȘt potentiel des PSE pour promouvoir la conservation des pĂąturages communs via une conditionnalitĂ© renforcĂ©e et socialement appropriĂ©e, et la nĂ©cessitĂ© d’une vision politique accompagnĂ©e par une redĂ©finition de la gouvernance et d’une Ă©chelle territoriale adaptĂ©e pour pĂ©renniser la conservation. Mots clĂ©s: Paiement pour services environnementaux, pĂąturages communs, conservation, adaptation, formalisation, mise en dĂ©fens

    PESFOR-W: Improving the design and environmental effectiveness of woodlands for water Payments for Ecosystem Services

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    ABSTRACT: The EU Water Framework Directive aims to ensure restoration of Europe?s water bodies to ?good ecological status? by 2027. Many Member States will struggle to meet this target, with around half of EU river catchments currently reporting below standard water quality. Diffuse pollution from agriculture represents a major pressure, affecting over 90% of river basins. Accumulating evidence shows that recent improvements to agricultural practices are benefiting water quality but in many cases will be insufficient to achieve WFD objectives. There is growing support for land use change to help bridge the gap, with a particular focus on targeted tree planting to intercept and reduce the delivery of diffuse pollutants to water. This form of integrated catchment management offers multiple benefits to society but a significant cost to landowners and managers. New economic instruments, in combination with spatial targeting, need to be developed to ensure cost effective solutions - including tree planting for water benefits - are realised. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are flexible, incentive-based mechanisms that could play an important role in promoting land use change to deliver water quality targets. The PESFOR-W COST Action will consolidate learning from existing woodlands for water PES schemes in Europe and help standardize approaches to evaluating the environmental effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of woodland measures. It will also create a European network through which PES schemes can be facilitated, extended and improved, for example by incorporating other ecosystem services linking with aims of the wider forestscarbon policy nexus

    La conservation des ressources en eau par la mise en oeuvre de paiements pour services environnementaux dans un bassin versant

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    Les paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) sont un outil Ă©conomique d’incitation de plus en plus utilisĂ© pour la conservation des bassins versants. En se basant sur la notion des services environnementaux, il permet de concilier plusieurs objectifs de conservation au niveau des bassins versants pour une finalitĂ© d’amĂ©lioration des attributs qui caractĂ©risent les ressources en eau. L’amĂ©lioration de la disponibilitĂ© de l’eau en surface et en sous-sol, ainsi que l’amĂ©lioration de sa qualitĂ© par la rĂ©duction de l’érosion hydrique et la filtration des nitrates, sont des exemples de services qui permettent de renforcer la conservation des bassins versants et d’amĂ©liorer l’efficacitĂ© Ă©conomique des investissements. Au Maroc, la conservation des bassins versants a traversĂ© des Ă©tapes importantes vers la mise en place d’une gestion intĂ©grĂ©e, toutefois les PSE ne sont pas encore mis en oeuvre. Leur introduction au niveau du pays permettra des apports et sera en mĂȘme temps contrariĂ©e par un certain nombre de limites. L’article prĂ©sente la notion de services environnementaux et les fondements Ă©conomiques des PSE, puis apporte un point de vue et des propositions quant Ă  leur mise en oeuvre pour amĂ©liorer la conservation des bassins versants dans le contexte spĂ©cifique du Maroc.Payments for environmental services (PES) are an economic incentive tool increasingly used for watershed conservation. Based on the concept of environmental services, the PES approach allows the combination of several conservation objectives at the watershed scale to improve the attributes of the water resources. Improving the availability of surface water and groundwater recharge, and improving water quality by reducing water erosion and enhancing nitrate filtration, are examples of services that enhance the conservation of watersheds and improve the economic efficiency of investments. In Morocco, watershed conservation has gone through important steps towards the implementation of integrated management, but PES are not yet implemented. Their implementation in the country will be of interest and simultaneously thwarted by a number of limitations. This paper presents the concept of environmental services and the economic foundations of PES, then presents a point of view and proposals for their implementation to improve watershed conservation in the specific context of Morocco

    How do stakeholders working on the forest-water nexus perceive payments for ecosystem services?

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    Nowadays, great emphasis is placed on the relationship between forest and water because forests are considered as substantial sources of many water ecosystem services. The aim of this paper is to analyze the stakeholder opinions towards the relationship between forests and water and the potential development of water-related payments for ecosystem services (PES) schemes. The study is developed in the context of COST Action CA15206–PESFOR-W (Forests for Water) aimed at synthesizing current knowledge about the PES schemes across Europe. The stakeholder opinions were mapped out using a structured questionnaire consisting of 20 questions divided into four thematic sections. The data were collected through an online survey. The results showed opinions of 142 stakeholders from 23 countries, mainly from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. In order to analyze the collected data, the stakeholders were grouped in buyers, sellers, intermediaries, and knowledge providers. The survey results indicated that the most important category of water ecosystem services according to our sample of stakeholders is regulating services followed by provisioning services. Further findings pointed out the highest importance that shared values and direct changes in land management can have when designing water-related PES schemes. The role of public authorities and collective collaboration of different stakeholders, with emphasis on local and expert knowledge, are also identified as of crucial importance. The results show that stakeholder opinions can serve as a starting point when designing PES schemes

    Varia

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    Recherche L’encadrement professionnel des circuits courts est encore peu stabilisĂ©. Il est remis en cause par l’émergence de politiques publiques qui le concurrencent. Les collectivitĂ©s redĂ©finissent les enjeux Ă  l’aune de leur dimension territoriale. L’impact Ă©conomique du changement climatique est mesurĂ© Ă  partir d’une mĂ©thode basĂ©e sur une analyse de la rente fonciĂšre. Une application Ă  l’agriculture de la CĂŽte-d’Or confirme que les effets du climat sur les prix ne sont pas spatialement homogĂšnes. La qualitĂ© sensorielle des produits artisanaux dĂ©termine en partie leur prix. Les divergences sur la valeur de la qualitĂ© font varier les coĂ»ts de mesure. La confiance et la rĂ©putation contribuent Ă  rĂ©duire les coĂ»ts de mesure de la qualitĂ© et sont en partie dĂ©terminĂ©es par le niveau d’instruction. L’acceptabilitĂ© des Paiements pour Services Environnementaux (PSE) est testĂ©e Ă  partir d’une expĂ©rimentation des choix au sein d’un pĂąturage collectif. Les rĂ©sultats montrent l’importance de la souscription individuelle conditionnelle et de l’assistance technique, qui incite Ă  l’action collective. L’efficacitĂ© technique de la production du riz dans du bassin du fleuve SĂ©nĂ©gal est Ă©valuĂ©e Ă  partir de la mĂ©thode de frontiĂšre de production stochastique. Les rĂ©sultats indiquent que des moyens financiers supplĂ©mentaires sont essentiels pour la R&D agricole. Note de lecture GĂ©opolitique du blĂ©. Un produit vital pour la sĂ©curitĂ© mondial
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