Black fungus gnats of Central America. Part I. (Diptera, Sciaridae).

Das Material für den Teil I der Trauermücken Mittelamerikas wurde in unterschiedlichen Landesteilen von Costa Rica und Honduras mit Malaise-Fallen und Gelbschalen gesammelt. Es wurden 51 Arten aus 21 Gattungen nachgewiesen, davon 40 Arten, 4 Gattungen und 3 Untergattungen als neu für die Wissenschaft beschrieben: Acuatella gen. nov. [1], Bradysia [8], Chaetosciara [1], Corynoptera [2], Cratyna (Cratyna s. str.) [3], Cratyna (Spathobtella) [1], Epidapus (Epidapus) [1], Epidapus (Pseudoaptanogyna) [1], Epidapus (Clandestina subgen. nov.) [3], Eugnoriste [1], Hyperlasion [2], Leptosciarella (Leptosciarella) [1], Leptosciarella (Protosciarella subgen. nov.) [3], Leucosciara gen. nov. [2], Odontosciara (Odontosciara) [1], Odontosciara (Obscura subgen. nov.) [1], Phytosciara (Dolichosciara) [1], Pseudolycoriella [3], Pseudosciara [2], Pterothrix gen. nov. [2], Rhynchosciara [1], Scatopsciara (Scatopsciara s. str.) [1], Schwenckfeldina [2], Sciara [1], Trichosciara gen. nov. [1], Zygomma [5].Nomenklatorische Handlungenvestituda Mohrig, 2003 (Acuatella), spec. n.dilucida Mohrig, 2003 (Bradysia), spec. n.floribunda Mohrig, 2003 (Bradysia), spec. n.incidera Mohrig, 2003 (Bradysia), spec. n.lobatula Mohrig, 2003 (Bradysia), spec. n.tumulta Mohrig, 2003 (Bradysia), spec. n.validolobata Mohrig, 2003 (Bradysia), spec. n.solutospina Mohrig, 2003 (Chaetosciara), spec. n.pertaesa Mohrig, 2003 (Corynoptera), spec. n.ciliocera Mohrig, 2003 (Cratyna (Cratyna)), spec. n.ciliovenosa Mohrig, 2003 (Cratyna (Cratyna)), spec. n.micra Mohrig, 2003 (Cratyna (Cratyna)), spec. n.exteria Mohrig, 2003 (Cratyna (Spathobdella)), spec. n.Clandestina Mohrig, 2003 (Epidapus), sgen. n.semifactus Mohrig & Röschmann, 1999 (Epidapus), syn. n. of Epidapus (Clandestina) perniciosus (Edwards, 1922)conciliatus Mohrig, 2003 (Epidapus (Clandestina)), spec. n.libidinosus Mohrig, 2003 (Epidapus (Clandestina)), spec. n.perniciosus (Edwards, 1922) (Epidapus (Clandestina)), comb. n. hitherto Epidapus perniciosuslacertosus Mohrig, 2003 (Epidapus (Epidapus)), spec. n.mixtus Mohrig, 2003 (Epidapus (Pseudoaptanogyna)), spec. n.villosoabdominalis Mohrig, 2003 (Eugnoriste), spec. n.capitulatum Mohrig, 2003 (Hyperlasion), spec. n.Protosciarella Mohrig, 2003 (Leptosciarella), sgen. n.prospera Mohrig, 2003 (Leptosciarella (Leptosciarella)), spec. n.bipalpata Mohrig, 2003 (Leptosciarella (Protosciarella)), spec. n.macroabdominalis Mohrig, 2003 (Leptosciarella (Protosciarella)), spec. n.virgatoalata Mohrig, 2003 (Leptosciarella (Protosciarella)), spec. n.imperfecta Mohrig, 2003 (Leucosciara), spec. n.inana Mohrig, 2003 (Leucosciara), spec. n.Oscura Mohrig, 2003 (Odontosciara), sgen. n.grandis Mohrig, 2003 (Odontosciara (Obscura)), spec. n.nocta Mohrig, 2003 (Odontosciara (Odontosciara)), spec. n.exlobata Mohrig, 2003 (Phytosciara (Dolichosciara)), spec. n.coecoalata Mohrig, 2003 (Pseudolycoriella), spec. n.curviseta Mohrig, 2003 (Pseudolycoriella), spec. n.ferocia Mohrig, 2003 (Pseudolycoriella), spec. n.melanocephala (Rübsaamen, 1894) (Pseudosciara), comb. n. hitherto Trichosia melanocephalacapillosa Mohrig, 2003 (Pterothrix), spec. n.piliata Mohrig, 2003 (Pterothrix), spec. n.funesta Mohrig, 2003 (Scatopsciara (Scatopsciara)), spec. n.filamentosa Mohrig, 2003 (Schwenkfeldina), spec. n.Acuatella Mohrig, 2003 (Sciaridae), gen. n.Leucosciara Mohrig, 2003 (Sciaridae), gen. n.Pterothrix Mohrig, 2003 (Sciaridae), gen. n.Trichosciara Mohrig, 2003 (Sciaridae), gen. n.spinimana (Lengersdorf, 1944) (Trichosciara), comb. n. hitherto Lycoria spinimanariberoi Lane, 1953 (Trichosia), syn. n. of Pseudosciara melanocephala (Rübsaamen, 1894)acuta Mohrig, 2003 (Zygomma), spec. n.alboantennata (Lane, 1946) (Zygomma), comb. n. hitherto Zygoneura alboantennatamodica Mohrig, 2003 (Zygomma), spec. n.suspiciosa Mohrig, 2003 (Zygomma), spec. n.The material of this first part on Sciaridae of Central America was collected in various localities in Costa Rica and Honduras. 51 species of 21 genera were identified. 40 species, 4 genera and 3 subgenera are described for the first time. The following genus group taxa are treated (number of species given in brackets): Acuatella gen. nov. [1], Bradysia [8], Chaetosciara [1], Corynoptera [2], Cratyna (Cratyna s. str.) [3], Cratyna (Spathobtella) [1], Epidapus (Epidapus) [1], Epidapus (Pseudoaptanogyna) [1], Epidapus (Clandestina subgen nov.) [3], Eugnoriste [1], Hyperlasion [2], Leptosciarella (Leptosciarella) [1], Leptosciarella (Protosciarella subgen. nov.) [3], Leucosciara gen. nov. [2], Odontosciara (Odontosciara) [1], Odontosciara (Obscura subgen. nov.) [1], Phytosciara (Dolichosciara) [1], Pseudolycoriella [3], Pseudosciara [2], Pterothrix gen. nov. [2], Rhynchosciara [1], Scatopsciara (Scatopsciara s. str.) [1], Schwenckfeldina [2], Sciara [1], Trichosciara gen. nov. [1], Zygomma [5]. Most of the taxa are of South American affiliations and quite different from the Holarctic sciarid fauna. The Central American representatives of the cosmopolitan genera Sciara, Chaetosciara, Epidapus, Phytosciara, Pseudolycoriella, Schwenckfeldina and (for the most part) Bradysia are similar to species of the old World. The Central American species of the cosmopolitan subgenus Cratyna s. str. show more similarities to species from tropical areas of the Australian and Oriental region. Holarctic and/or Nearctic genera, like Leptociarella (Leptociarella s. str.), Corynoptera, Scatopsciara and Eugnoriste are represented in Central America only by few species. Bradysia, Cratyna, Pseudolycoriella, Pseudosciara, Zygomma, and Leptosciarella (subgenus Protosciarella) are diverse, common, and consequently typical Central American elements. Nomenclatural Actsvestituda Mohrig, 2003 (Acuatella), spec. n.dilucida Mohrig, 2003 (Bradysia), spec. n.floribunda Mohrig, 2003 (Bradysia), spec. n.incidera Mohrig, 2003 (Bradysia), spec. n.lobatula Mohrig, 2003 (Bradysia), spec. n.tumulta Mohrig, 2003 (Bradysia), spec. n.validolobata Mohrig, 2003 (Bradysia), spec. n.solutospina Mohrig, 2003 (Chaetosciara), spec. n.pertaesa Mohrig, 2003 (Corynoptera), spec. n.ciliocera Mohrig, 2003 (Cratyna (Cratyna)), spec. n.ciliovenosa Mohrig, 2003 (Cratyna (Cratyna)), spec. n.micra Mohrig, 2003 (Cratyna (Cratyna)), spec. n.exteria Mohrig, 2003 (Cratyna (Spathobdella)), spec. n.Clandestina Mohrig, 2003 (Epidapus), sgen. n.semifactus Mohrig & Röschmann, 1999 (Epidapus), syn. n. of Epidapus (Clandestina) perniciosus (Edwards, 1922)conciliatus Mohrig, 2003 (Epidapus (Clandestina)), spec. n.libidinosus Mohrig, 2003 (Epidapus (Clandestina)), spec. n.perniciosus (Edwards, 1922) (Epidapus (Clandestina)), comb. n. hitherto Epidapus perniciosuslacertosus Mohrig, 2003 (Epidapus (Epidapus)), spec. n.mixtus Mohrig, 2003 (Epidapus (Pseudoaptanogyna)), spec. n.villosoabdominalis Mohrig, 2003 (Eugnoriste), spec. n.capitulatum Mohrig, 2003 (Hyperlasion), spec. n.Protosciarella Mohrig, 2003 (Leptosciarella), sgen. n.prospera Mohrig, 2003 (Leptosciarella (Leptosciarella)), spec. n.bipalpata Mohrig, 2003 (Leptosciarella (Protosciarella)), spec. n.macroabdominalis Mohrig, 2003 (Leptosciarella (Protosciarella)), spec. n.virgatoalata Mohrig, 2003 (Leptosciarella (Protosciarella)), spec. n.imperfecta Mohrig, 2003 (Leucosciara), spec. n.inana Mohrig, 2003 (Leucosciara), spec. n.Oscura Mohrig, 2003 (Odontosciara), sgen. n.grandis Mohrig, 2003 (Odontosciara (Obscura)), spec. n.nocta Mohrig, 2003 (Odontosciara (Odontosciara)), spec. n.exlobata Mohrig, 2003 (Phytosciara (Dolichosciara)), spec. n.coecoalata Mohrig, 2003 (Pseudolycoriella), spec. n.curviseta Mohrig, 2003 (Pseudolycoriella), spec. n.ferocia Mohrig, 2003 (Pseudolycoriella), spec. n.melanocephala (Rübsaamen, 1894) (Pseudosciara), comb. n. hitherto Trichosia melanocephalacapillosa Mohrig, 2003 (Pterothrix), spec. n.piliata Mohrig, 2003 (Pterothrix), spec. n.funesta Mohrig, 2003 (Scatopsciara (Scatopsciara)), spec. n.filamentosa Mohrig, 2003 (Schwenkfeldina), spec. n.Acuatella Mohrig, 2003 (Sciaridae), gen. n.Leucosciara Mohrig, 2003 (Sciaridae), gen. n.Pterothrix Mohrig, 2003 (Sciaridae), gen. n.Trichosciara Mohrig, 2003 (Sciaridae), gen. n.spinimana (Lengersdorf, 1944) (Trichosciara), comb. n. hitherto Lycoria spinimanariberoi Lane, 1953 (Trichosia), syn. n. of Pseudosciara melanocephala (Rübsaamen, 1894)acuta Mohrig, 2003 (Zygomma), spec. n.alboantennata (Lane, 1946) (Zygomma), comb. n. hitherto Zygoneura alboantennatamodica Mohrig, 2003 (Zygomma), spec. n.suspiciosa Mohrig, 2003 (Zygomma), spec. n

Stochastics of bedform dimensions

Often river dunes are considered as regular bed patterns, with a mean dune height and a mean dune length. In reality however, river dunes are threedimensional and irregular features that cannot be fully described by their mean values. In fact, dune dimensions can be considered as stochastic variables. Their probability distribution can be characterized by a mean value and variance. The stochastic properties of dune dimensions are relevant for (see e.g. Van der Mark et al., 2005):\ud • Shipping - highest crests\ud • Pipelines & cables - deepest troughs\ud • Modelling cross-strata sets - troughs, dune heights\ud • Modelling vertical sorting - troughs\ud • Modelling bed roughness - dune heights\ud In the present research the stochastics of crest elevation, trough elevation and dune height are investigated by analysing three sets of flume experiments

On modeling the variability of bedform dimensions

ABSTRACT: Bedforms are irregular features that cannot easily be described by mean values. The variations in the geometric dimensions affect the bed roughness, and they are important in the modeling of vertical sorting and in modeling the thickness of cross-strata sets. The authors analyze the variability of bedform dimensions for three sets of flume experiments, considering PDFs of bedform height, trough elevation and crest elevation divided by its mean value. It appears that the dimensionless standard deviation of the bedform height is within a narrow range for nearly all experiments. This appears to be valid for the trough elevation and crest elevation, as well. For some modeling purposes, it seems sufficient to assume that the standard deviation is a constant, so that the variation in bedform dimension can be modeled by only predicting the mean bedform dimension.

A Unified Model for Subaqueous Bed Form Dynamics

Bed form evolution remains dynamic even in the special case of steady, uniform flow. Data from the sandy, braided North Loup River, Nebraska, show that roughness features on the channel bottom display a statistical steady state and robust scaling that are maintained through the collective interactions of transient (short-lived) bed forms. Motivated by such field data, and laboratory observations of bed form growth, we develop a nonlinear stochastic surface evolution model for the topography of bed load dominated sandy rivers in which instantaneous sediment flux explicitly depends on local elevation and slope. This model quantitatively reproduces laboratory observations of initial growth and saturation of bed forms from a flat surface, and also generates long-term dynamical behavior characteristic of natural systems. We argue that the variability in geometry and kinematics of bed forms in steady flow, and the existence of roughness at all wavelengths up to the largest dunes, are a consequence of the nonlinear relationship between sediment flux and topography, subject to noise

A remarkable new genus Manzumbadoa gen. n. from Costa Rica (Diptera: Sciaridae).

Die Sciaride Manzumbadoa bradysioides gen. et sp. n. aus Costa Rica wird beschrieben. Das Flügelgeäder von Manzumbadoa zeichnet sich durch eine Merkmalskombination aus, die nicht nur innerhalb der Sciaridae, sondern innerhalb der gesamten Sciaroidea einmalig ist und mehrere Apomorphien einschließt. Besonders bemerkenswert ist das Auftreten der fusionierten Radio-Media (frm), ein für die Sciaridae bisher unbekanntes Merkmal. Manzumbadoa gehört in einen Verwandtschaftskomplex um die Gattung Bradysia Winnertz, dessen Phylogenie bisher nur ansatzweise verstanden wird.Stichwörter Diptera, Sciaroidea, Sciaridae, new genus, new species, Costa Rica.Nomenklatorische Handlungenbradysioides Jaschhof & Mohrig, 2005 (Manzumbadoa), spec. n.Manzumbadoa Jaschhof & Mohrig, 2005 (Sciaridae), gen. n.The sciarid Manzumbadoa bradysioides gen. et sp. n. from Costa Rica is described. This new genus is outstanding for its wing venation that is unique not only among the Sciaridae but all the Sciaroidea. In particular, the presence of the fused radio-media (frm) in Manzumbadoa bradysioides is most remarkable as no other species of the Sciaridae shows this character. Manzumbadoa belongs to a group of genera around Bradysia Winnertz, the phylogeny of which is still poorly understood.Keywords Diptera, Sciaroidea, Sciaridae, new genus, new species, Costa Rica.Nomenclatural Actsbradysioides Jaschhof & Mohrig, 2005 (Manzumbadoa), spec. n.Manzumbadoa Jaschhof & Mohrig, 2005 (Sciaridae), gen. n

Sciarid flies from Dominican Amber (Diptera, Sciaridae).

Das Ergebnis der nachfolgenden Untersuchung ist die Neubeschreibung von 20 fossilen Arten aus Dominikanischen Bernstein und einer neuen Gattung mit fossilen und einer rezenten Art aus Afrika. Die Arten können acht Gattungen zugeordnet werden: Trichosia (Subgenus Mouffetina [1]); Leptosciarella (Subgenus Leptosciarella [1]), Cratyna (Subgenus Cratyna [1]), Cratyna unplaziert [2], Archicratyna gen. nov. [4], Chaetosciara [1], Bradysiopsis [1], Bradysia [3], Corynoptera [3] und Epidapus [4]. - Keine Art aus dem Dominikanischen Bernstein ist identisch mit Arten aus dem Baltischen bzw. dem Sächsischen (Bitterfeld) Bernstein, gehören aber zu gemeinsamen Gattungen wie Trichosia, Leptosciarella, Cratyna, Corynoptera and Epidapus. Alle Arten vom Dominikanischen Bernstein gehören zu rezenten Gattungen, während viele Arten vom Baltischen und Sächsischen Bernstein ausgestorbenen Gattungen bzw. Untergattungen repräsentieren. Außerdem ist die Merkmalsausprägung moderner als bei den Arten aus Europäischem Bernstein. Erstaunlich ist weiterhin, dass die fossile Sciaridenfauna aus dem Dominikanischen Bernstein mehr Ähnlichkeiten mit der rezenten Fauna der Holarktischen Region als mit der rezenten Fauna von Mittel- und Südamerika aufweist.StichwörterSciaridae, Dominican Amber.Nomenklatorische Handlungenarcana Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Archicratyna), spec. n.subarcana Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Archicratyna), spec. n.trichoarcana Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Archicratyna), spec. n.zimbabweensis Mohrig, 2005 (Archicratyna), spec. n.antiqua Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Bradysia), spec. n.dimidiata Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Bradysia), spec. n.exoleta Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Bradysia), spec. n.repentina Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Bradysiopsis), spec. n.obsoleta Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Chaetosciara), spec. n.iocosa Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Corynoptera), spec. n.prisca Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Corynoptera), spec. n.pristina Röschmann & Mohrig, 2005 (Corynoptera), spec. n.interposita Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Cratyna), spec. n.villosoantennata Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Cratyna), spec. n.tempestiva Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Cratyna (Cratyna)), spec. n.adstrictosetus Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Epidapus), spec. n.longisetus Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Epidapus), spec. n.macrospinatus Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Epidapus), spec. n.microspinus Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Epidapus), spec. n.manifesta Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Leptosciarella (Leptosciarella)), spec. n.Archicratyna Mohrig, 2005 (Sciaridae), gen. n.nova Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Trichosia (Moufettina)), spec. n.Results from this investigation describe 20 new fossil species from Dominican amber and one new genus with fossil and one recent species from Africa. The species belong to the following 8 genera: Trichosia (subgenus Mouffetina [1]); Leptosciarella (subgenus Leptosciarella [1]), Cratyna (subgenus Cratyna [1]), Cratyna unplaced [2], Archicratyna gen. nov. [4], Chaetosciara [1], Bradysiopsis [1], Bradysia [3], Corynoptera [3] and Epidapus [4]. - None of the species identified within the Dominican amber are identical with those from the Baltic and Saxonian (Bitterfeld) amber, however there are several identical genera such as Trichosia, Leptosciarella, Cratyna, Corynoptera and Epidapus. All species from the Dominican amber belong to recent genera or subgenera, whereas many species from the Baltic and Saxonian amber belong to extinct genera or subgenera. Furthermore, the species from the Dominican amber possess more modern features than those from the European amber. Surprisingly, the fossil sciarid fauna from the Dominican amber shows more similarities to the recent fauna of the Holarctic region than to the recent fauna of Central and South America.KeywordsSciaridae, Dominican Amber.Nomenclatural Actsarcana Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Archicratyna), spec. n.subarcana Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Archicratyna), spec. n.trichoarcana Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Archicratyna), spec. n.zimbabweensis Mohrig, 2005 (Archicratyna), spec. n.antiqua Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Bradysia), spec. n.dimidiata Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Bradysia), spec. n.exoleta Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Bradysia), spec. n.repentina Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Bradysiopsis), spec. n.obsoleta Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Chaetosciara), spec. n.iocosa Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Corynoptera), spec. n.prisca Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Corynoptera), spec. n.pristina Röschmann & Mohrig, 2005 (Corynoptera), spec. n.interposita Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Cratyna), spec. n.villosoantennata Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Cratyna), spec. n.tempestiva Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Cratyna (Cratyna)), spec. n.adstrictosetus Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Epidapus), spec. n.longisetus Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Epidapus), spec. n.macrospinatus Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Epidapus), spec. n.microspinus Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Epidapus), spec. n.manifesta Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Leptosciarella (Leptosciarella)), spec. n.Archicratyna Mohrig, 2005 (Sciaridae), gen. n.nova Mohrig & Röschmann, 2005 (Trichosia (Moufettina)), spec. n

Interactions Between Bed Forms: Topography, Turbulence, and Transport

Results are presented examining the interaction between two sandy bed forms under low–sediment transport conditions in a small laboratory flume. The initial artificially made bed forms were out of equilibrium with the flow field. Temporal evolution of bed forms was monitored using time-lapse photography in order to characterize bed form adjustment to the imposed flow. Velocity measurements were collected using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter to characterize both mean flow and turbulence associated with different bed form geometries. Sandy bed forms all had identical initial geometries; however, the initial distance between bed form crests was varied between experiments. Overall deformation of the bed varied as a function of initial bed form spacing; however, bed forms evolved unpredictably as periods of relatively slow change were punctuated by periods of rapidly changing geometry. Subtle changes in bed form trough geometry were found to have a strong influence on turbulence and therefore sediment transport. Comparison with field studies suggests that the mechanisms described herein are active in natural systems