3 research outputs found

    Untersuchungen zur PrĂ€sentation von endogenen Antigenen auf MHC-Klasse-I- und MHC-Klasse-II-MolekĂŒlen

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    Grundlage fĂŒr die Entstehung adaptiver Immunantworten ist die PrĂ€sentation von Antigenen auf MHC-Klasse-I- und MHC-Klasse-II-MolekĂŒlen. Die hierfĂŒr verantwortlichen Antigen-Prozessierungswege sind weitgehend aufgeklĂ€rt, jedoch ist die molekulare Basis der Antigen-Auswahl noch immer unverstanden. Neuere Untersuchungen verschiedener Arbeitsgruppen zeigten, dass Antigene, die ĂŒber endogene PrĂ€sentationswege auf MHC-MolekĂŒle geladen werden, vornehmlich von neusynthetisierten und nicht von maturen Proteinen abstammen. Wie und welcher Teil der neusynthetisierten Translationsprodukte ausgewĂ€hlt und in die AntigenprĂ€sentationswege dirigiert wird und ob biochemische Charakteristika der Antigene die Auswahl beeinflussen, ist noch ungeklĂ€rt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden verschiedene Postulate und Hypothesen zur Antigen-Auswahl und -PrĂ€sentation untersucht: (1) der Beitrag von Defective Ribosomal Products (DRiP) sowie (2) prĂ€-mRNA-Translationsprodukten zum Antigenpool und (3) der Einfluss von Antigen-mRNA-StabilitĂ€t. Desweiteren wurden (4) der Einfluss biochemischer Eigenschaften, sowie GrĂ¶ĂŸe der Antigene auf die PrĂ€sentation und (5) die Beteiligung verschiedener Autophagie-Komponenten und des mTOR-Signalwegs in der AntigenprĂ€sentation studiert. Um die DRiP-Hypothese zu ĂŒberprĂŒfen, wurde die PrĂ€sentation des Modellantigens Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) und der instabilen Variante CFTR∆F508 auf MHC-Klasse-I-MolekĂŒlen untersucht. Nach Expression in Zielzellen wurden Antigene aus beiden Proteinen mit Ă€hnlicher Effizienz prĂ€sentiert und die Behandlung mit CFTR-Faltungsmodulatoren, die zu erhöhten Proteinspiegeln fĂŒhrte, hatte keinen Einfluss auf die T-Zellerkennung. FĂŒr dieses Modellantigen konnten somit keine Anhaltspunkte fĂŒr einen Beitrag von DRiP zum Antigenpool gefunden werden. Die Bedeutung von prĂ€-mRNA-Translationsprodukten als Antigenquelle wurde durch den Vergleich der PrĂ€sentation von Exon- und Intron-kodierten T-Zellepitopen untersucht. Eine T-Zellerkennung Intron-kodierter Epitope erfolgte nur nach Mutation der Spleiß-Stellen und der dadurch bedingten Translation von Intronsequenzen. Neben fehlenden Evidenzen fĂŒr einen bedeutenden Beitrag von prĂ€-mRNA-Translationsprodukten zum Antigenpool lieferten diese und weitere Untersuchungen auch keine Hinweise auf einen Einfluss der Antigenmenge und der Antigen-mRNA-StabilitĂ€t auf die AntigenprĂ€sentation. Untersuchungen zur endogenen PrĂ€sentation eines Modellantigens auf MHC-Klasse-II-MolekĂŒlen ergaben, dass sowohl die LĂ€nge des Polypeptids als auch seine AminosĂ€uresequenz einen großen Einfluss auf die Autophagie-abhĂ€ngige PrĂ€sentation des Antigens haben. Durch Verwendung verschiedener chemischer Inhibitoren wurden Hinweise auf eine mTOR-unabhĂ€ngige Regulation dieses PrĂ€sentationswegs erhalten.Basis for the development of adaptive immune response is the presentation of antigens on MHC class I and II molecules. While the pathways involved in antigen processing have been extensively studied, the molecular basis for the selection of antigens still remains unknown. Recent results from different labs showed that antigens loaded on MHC molecules via endogenous presentation pathways are mainly derived from newly synthesized and not from mature proteins. How and which fraction of the newly synthesized translation products is selected and channeled into presentation pathways and whether biochemical characteristics of antigens influence the selection, is still unclear. In this study, different theories and hypotheses regarding antigen selection and presentation were analyzed: (1) the contribution of Defective Ribosomal Products (DRiP) and (2) pre-mRNA translation products to the antigen pool, (3) the influence of mRNA stability and (4) biochemical properties as well as size of polypeptides on antigen presentation, and (5) the involvement of different components of autophagy and of the mTOR signaling pathway in antigen presentation. In order to examine the DRiP hypothesis, the presentation of the model antigen Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) and the instable CFTR∆F508 variant on MHC class I molecules was analyzed. Following expression in target cells, antigens from both proteins were presented with similar efficiency and treatment with CFTR folding modulators, which resulted in increased protein levels, had no effect on T-cell recognition. Thus, no evidence for a significant contribution of DRiP to the antigenic pool was obtained for this model antigen. The relevance of pre-mRNA translational products in antigen presentation was investigated by comparing T-cell recognition of epitopes derived from exon sequences to those derived from intron sequences. T cells recognized intronic epitopes only if the splicing sites were mutated and, consequently, when intron sequences became part of the open reading frame. Besides challenging the relevance of pre-mRNA translational products for the antigenic pool, these and additional experiments also demonstrated that the abundance of the antigenic protein, or the stability of the antigen mRNA, does not correlate with efficiency of antigen presentation. Analysis of endogenous presentation of a model antigen on MHC class II molecules demonstrated that size and amino acid composition of the antigenic polypeptide has a major effect on autophagy-dependent antigen presentation. By using different chemical inhibitors, a mTOR-independent regulation of this antigen presentation pathway was revealed

    A central role of IKK2 and TPL2 in JNK activation and viral B-cell transformation

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    IÎșB kinase 2 (IKK2) is well known for its pivotal role as a mediator of the canonical NF-ÎșB pathway, which has important functions in inflammation and immunity, but also in cancer. Here we identify a novel and critical function of IKK2 and its co-factor NEMO in the activation of oncogenic c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling, induced by the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Independent of its kinase activity, the TGFÎČ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) mediates LMP1 signaling complex formation, NEMO ubiquitination and subsequent IKK2 activation. The tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2) kinase is induced by LMP1 via IKK2 and transmits JNK activation signals downstream of IKK2. The IKK2-TPL2-JNK axis is specific for LMP1 and differs from TNFα, Interleukin-1 and CD40 signaling. This pathway mediates essential LMP1 survival signals in EBV-transformed human B cells and post-transplant lymphoma, and thus qualifies as a target for treatment of EBV-induced cancer

    Accumulation of mutations in antibody and CD8 T cell epitopes in a B cell depleted lymphoma patient with chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection

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    Antibodies against the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can drive adaptive evolution in immunocompromised patients with chronic infection. Here we longitudinally analyze SARS-CoV-2 sequences in a B cell-depleted, lymphoma patient with chronic, ultimately fatal infection, and identify three mutations in the spike protein that dampen convalescent plasma-mediated neutralization of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, four mutations emerge in non-spike regions encoding three CD8 T cell epitopes, including one nucleoprotein epitope affected by two mutations. Recognition of each mutant peptide by CD8 T cells from convalescent donors is reduced compared to its ancestral peptide, with additive effects resulting from double mutations. Querying public SARS-CoV-2 sequences shows that these mutations have independently emerged as homoplasies in circulating lineages. Our data thus suggest that potential impacts of CD8 T cells on SARS-CoV-2 mutations, at least in those with humoral immunodeficiency, warrant further investigation to inform on vaccine design
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