Concerns for Human Health Relating to Methylmercury (MeHg) Toxicity in Aquatic Environment: A Systematic Literature Review

Mercury poses serious health risks to people, and during the last century, its contamination of the ocean's surface has more than doubled. As a result, authorities and organizations have taken measures to shield people from exposure to this dangerous substance. Mercury pollution mainly comes from many anthropogenic activities, such as burning coal and other industrial processes. In addition to polluting food chains in marine and coastal ecosystems, these operations released mercury into the environment, which subsequently accumulated in fish and was ingested by people. Fish eating from marine, estuarine, and freshwater sources is to blame for more than 90% of MeHg (methylmercury) exposure in the United States and most other regions of the world. This systematic review describes the biotransformation of Hg into MeHg, the entry of MeHg into the aquatic food chain/food web, and the bioaccumulation process of MeHg. This article also describes MeHg toxicity in fish. It focuses on the effects of exposure to MeHg on biochemical, histological, and neurological outcomes in humans, as evident from various epidemiological sources

Association of central obesity with risk factors for cardiovascular disease in North Indian population: A case - control study

Background: Central obesity is a leading cause of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). Central obesity may act as an independent predictor for CVD. Aim and Objectives: To study the correlation of central obesity among obese patients with the risk factors for CVD. Material and Methods: In this case-control study, 50 non-obese and 50 obese subjects aged between 30-70 years were enrolled. Biochemical parameters: Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c), Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) and Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) were estimated along with Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference (WC). Value of p less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Mean of FBS, HbA1c, TC, TG, LDL-C, SBP, DBP, BMI, and WC were significantly raised in obese compared to non-obese (p<0.01). However, the mean of HDL-C was significantly low in obese compared to non-obese (p<0.01). A significant positive correlation was found between age and WC (r=0.426, p<0.01), TC and TG (r=0.628, p<0.01), TC and LDL-C (r=0.934, p<0.01), TG and LDL-C (r=0.647, p<0.01) among obese. However, a significant negative correlation was found between TC and HDL-C (r=-0.453, p<0.01), TG and HDL-C (r=-0.323, p<0.05), and HDL-C and LDL-C (r=-0.510, p<0.01) among obese. Linear regression analysis model was found significant. Conclusion: Result showed that WC is an independent predictive marker for CVD. Further study is needed in larger sample to strengthen the hypothesis

Toxicity of Malaysian Medicinal Plant Extracts Against Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica

The insecticidal activities of extracts from 22 Malaysian medicinal plant extracts from 8 botanical families were tested against rice weevil: Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and lesser grain borer: Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). The extracts were obtained using hexane, methanol, and dichloromethane to extract potential biopesticides from dried leaves. The toxicity levels were examined periodically based on antifeedant activity and contact toxicity assays using treated grain assay. Hexane extracts of Alpinia conchigera, Alpinia scabra, Curcuma mangga, Curcuma purpurascens, Goniothalamus tapisoides, Piper sarmentosum , and methanol extracts of Curcuma aeruginosa, C. mangga , and Mitragyna speciosa were the most potent extracts against S. oryzae and R. dominica with lethal concentration (LC50) values of ≤ 0.42 mg/mL and ≤ 0.49 mg/mL, respectively. The contact toxicity test results showed that methanol extracts of C. aeruginosa and C. mangga , dichloromethane extracts of Cryptocarya nigra , and hexane extracts of C. mangga, and C. purpurascens resulted in 100% mortality of both pests within 28 days exposure of 5 mg/cm2 concentration

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P &lt; 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Kaiphal (Myrica nagi): A Botanical Origin Drug (Dawa) of Unani Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Common Disorders

Myrica&nbsp;nagi&nbsp;is a celebrity medicinal plant that is distributed in sub-Himalayan regions and holds several pharmacological actions and therapeutic effects along with their economic usage. In Unani System of Medicine (USM), it is well known, as&nbsp;Kaiphal&nbsp;and used in the prevention and the management of several common disorders viz.&nbsp;Amraz-i-Riya&nbsp;(Respiratory disease),&nbsp;Amraz-i-Hazam&nbsp;(Gastrointestinal disease),&nbsp;Amraz-i-Aasab&nbsp;(Nervine disease), and Amraz-i-Bawl (genitourinary disease). Recent clinical studies evaluate that&nbsp;the Kaiphal&nbsp;consist of numerous phytoconstituents viz. tannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenes, glycosides, amino acids, steroids, and volatile oils. These phytoconstituents are responsible for varieties of pharmacological actions viz. Anti-inflammatory, Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Allergic, Anti-helminthic, Neuroprotective, Nephroprotective, Anti-hypertensive, Anticancer, and Anxiolytic. Conventionally, different parts of Kaiphal are used in asthma, allergic disorder, inflammatory diseases, neurological disorders, renal disease, and cancer. The physicians of USM described properties and therapeutics uses of Kaiphal but data on safety and efficacy are limited and also lack of attraction of researcher toward a preclinical and clinical trial. Therefore, this review updated the knowledge about pharmacological and therapeutic effects, ethnomedicinal uses, adverse effects, prevention and treatment of common disorders and also focused on future research in the prospective era. Keyword: Kaiphal, Myrica nagi, USM, Phytoconstituents, Asthm

Accidental Degloving of Penile Skin - A Case Report

Degloving of the penis is reported rarely in forensic medicine as it has often been a topic of discussion in the surgical discipline. The first clause of Sec 320 IPC stands for emasculation discussed in legal medicine. Degloving of the penis may occur as a result of road traffic accidents, or direct injuries from assault, violent sexual activity specially sexual asphyxia; the ill effect of the tools in agricultural and and other machines which a person closely handles. Here is a case of accidental degloving of the penis which resulted from the dragging force derived from the body itself. The entire force that led to degloving was due to the contact of the abdominal area below the umbilicus and the road after falling flat from a moving vehicle. There was no history of being run over by another vehicle