Process optimization of supercritical CO2 extraction of Roselle using response surface methodology

Hibiscus sabdariffa, commonly known as Roselle, is a native plant in Malaysia that is rich with bioactive compounds. In the present study, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction of Roselle was investigated. The optimum particle size (212μm, 300μm, 425μm, 600μm, and 710μm) to obtain highest yield was pre-determined. The effects of two operating parameters, pressure (20MPa, 25MPa, and 30MPa) and temperature (40 ºC, 60 ºC, and 80 ºC) on extraction yield were studied using response surface methodology (RSM). From the experimental data, the optimum conditions were achieved using particle size 300μm, pressure 27.5MPa, and temperature 50.8 ºC. Using the optimized parameters, the highest extraction yield was predicted to be 163.26 mg-extract/g-dried sample. The validation experimental results were consistent with the predicted values

Natural ingredients in cosmetics from Malaysian plants: a review

Consumer consciousness on the concept of natural-based ingredients triggers the natural cosmetics market to grow. The active compounds in natural ingredients offer valuable bioactivities such as antioxidant, photoprotection, anti-aging and anti-inflammatory actions that useful for skincare, hair care and dental care. This review presents an overview on natural ingredient, especially plant-derived, used in cosmetic products and the examples of Malaysian plants used for cosmetic purposes

Reverse Micelle liquid-liquid extraction of bovine serum albumin and lysozyme

Reverse micelle extraction by using Sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl) Suffoccinate (AOT) of protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme was investigated in this research. Study of factors affecting the surfactant concentration and pH of aqueous for both forward and backward extraction process was performed in the research. The BSA concentrations were characterized by using the UV- spectrophotometer at wavelength, ? = 280 nm. The result indicated that the extraction percentage of lysozyme was higher than BSA in forward transfer for both parameters; however BSA demonstrated a better extraction performance in backward extraction process. The maximum lysozyme extracted in the forward extraction process was at 60 mM of surfactant concentration while for BSA was 100 mM since BSA is a bulky molecule and the size is larger than of lysozyme

Separation of pharmaceutical products with reverse micelles

Reverse micelle extraction has received considerable attention in recent years due to its ability to selectively solubilise solutes from an aqueous phase and to maintain their biological activities. This paper presents the results from studies on extraction of penicillin G from aqueous solution (forward extraction) and from reverse micelles to a new aqueous solution (backward extraction), by employing the principle of liquid-liquid extraction with reverse micelles. AOT is used as a surfactant and isooctane is used as an organic phase. The effect of pH, salt concentration, AOT concentration, and initial penicillin concentration on the penicillin forward and backward transfer at 21ºC was studied. The results show that the solubilisation of penicillin in the forward extraction is dependent on both pH and surfactant concentration. The backward extraction is dependent on ionic strength, surfactant concentration and the initial amount of penicillin in the organic phase before backward extraction. Despite successful results in the backward extraction, the overall extraction yield of penicillin is found to be less than the initial amount of penicillin before forward extraction due to difficulties during the forward extraction process

Penicillin G solubilisation into AOT reverse micelles

Extraction of penicillin G from an aqueous phase into an organic phase containing AOT reverse micelles has been investigated. The extraction is influenced by the initial penicillin G concentration, the salt type and concentration in the aqueous phase, pH, and surfactant concentration. The results show that penicillin is an interfacially active compound that interacts with AOT, with the interfacial association being dependent on both pH and surfactant concentration. When the concentration ratio [P]aq/[S] is high precipitation of the penicillin occurs. The distribution coefficient favours transfer of the penicillin into the reverse micelles at moderate AOT concentrations. The distribution coefficient at infinite dilution, K∞, is shown to be a function of both pH and surfactant concentration; similar trends in the value of K∞ were observed at different pH values; K∞ decreases as the surfactant concentration is increased. Reverse micelle formation affects the volume of water transferred into the organic phase; from measurements of the water transferred, the size of the reverse micelles was estimated to be about 3 nm and the number of AOT molecules per reverse micelle about 360

Optimization of process variables using response surface methodology for tocopherol extraction from roselle seed oil by supercritical carbon dioxide

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Roselle) seeds are rich in proteins, carbohydrates and unsaturated fatty acids, and are a good source of minerals and antioxidants. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction was applied for extraction of oil from Roselle seed at temperatures of 40 °C to 80 °C and pressures of 20 MPa to 30 MPa. The effects of temperature and pressure on the extraction yield and solubility of oil were determined. Process optimization was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM). A particle size of 300 μm, SC-CO2 flow rate of 5 mL/min and extraction time of 180 min were held constant throughout this study. The overall oil yield increased as pressure and temperature was increased, while a reverse effect was observed at higher temperatures. The optimum extraction conditions for Roselle seed oil corresponded to a pressure of 30 MPa and temperature of 40 °C. According to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the coefficient of determination R2 for oil yield and gamma tocopherol concentration were 0.9723 and 0.9754, respectively, indicating a good correlation and agreement between the experimental and predicted values

A new method of extraction of amoxicillin using mixed reverse micelles

A completely new method of extraction of amoxicillin using solubilisation by mixed reverse micelles was proposed and the optimal conditions for the process were found. Mixed AOT-TWEEN 85 reverse micelles were used for the first time as a new approach for extraction of amoxicillin. The effects of different process variables such as AOT-TWEEN 85 molar fractions, total surfactant concentration, pH of aqueous feed solution and potassium chloride concentration during forward extraction; stripping aqueous phase pH, potassium chloride (KCl) concentration and extraction time during backward extraction were investigated and the optimal conditions were found for all mentioned parameters. With the aid of response surface methodology, the optimum conditions for forward extraction are identified as (i) 5.5:1 molar ratio of AOT/TWEEN 85, (ii) total surfactant concentration 102.57. g/L, (ii) pH 1.90, and (vi) KCl concentration 8.54. g/L. The percentage of amoxicillin solubilised in isooctane was 95.54% under these optimal conditions. On the other hand, the optimum conditions for backward extraction are identified as (i) stripping aqueous phase pH 6.58, (ii) KCl concentration 11.02. g/L, and (iii) extraction time 15. min. Under these optimal conditions, the percentage of amoxicillin recovered was 90.79%. AOT/TWEEN 85 mixed surfactant system shows a significant advantage of saving the amount of surfactant for forward extraction. The addition of non-ionic surfactant helps to preserve natural function/activity of antibiotics as compared with a pure AOT surfactant used. The optimum conditions were also found for a backward recovery of amoxicillin

Irradiated water-activated waste tyre powder for decolourization of reactive orange 16

The present study was aimed to characterize the adsorptive properties of waste tyre powder based activated carbons for decolourization of reactive orange 16 (RO16). Waste tyre powder was activated through irradiated water environment (MAC). Comparison was made by conventional chemical activation using calcium chloride (CAC) and recovered calcium chloride from the first activation (RAC). Activated carbons were characterized according to surface area, morphology and functional groups. The values of surface area were recorded as 95.9, 111, 80.9m2/g for MAC, CAC and RAC, respectively. The decolourization of RO16 was observed to have the following order: MAC>CAC>RAC. Adsorption data for all activated carbons studied obeyed Langmuir isotherm for which the process could be described as monolayer adsorption. The kinetics data were well-fitted to pseudo-second-order model, suggesting the chemisorption proces

Reverse micelle extraction of antibiotics using an eco-friendly Sophorolipids biosurfactant

Reverse micelles extraction of erythromycin and amoxicillin were carried out using the novel Sophorolipids biosurfactant. By replacing commonly used chemical surfactants with biosurfactant, reverse micelle extraction can be further improved in terms of environmental friendliness and sustainability. A central composite experimental design was used to investigate the effects of solution pH, KCl concentration, and sophorolipids concentration on the reverse micelle extraction of antibiotics. The most significant factor identified during the reverse micelle extraction of both antibiotics is the pH of aqueous solutions. Best forward extraction performance for erythromycin was found at feed phase pH of approximately 8.0 with low KCl and sophorolipids concentrations. Optimum recovery of erythromycin was obtained at stripping phase pH around 10.0 and with low KCl concentration. On the other hand, best forward extraction performance for amoxicillin was found at feed phase pH around 3.5 with low KCl concentration and high sophorolipids concentration. Optimum recovery of erythromycin was obtained at stripping phase pH around 6.0 with low KCl concentration. Both erythromycin and amoxicillin were found to be very sensitive toaqueous phase pH and can be easily degraded outside of their stable pH ranges

Role of nanotechnology for design and development of cosmeceutical: Application in makeup and skin care

Nanotechnology is an innovative area of science that includes the design, characterization, production, and application of materials, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale (1–100 nm). Nanotechnology incorporation in cosmetic formulation is considered as the hottest and emerging technology available. Cosmetic manufacturers use nanoscale size ingredients to provide better UV protection, deeper skin penetration, long-lasting effects, increased color, finish quality, and many more. Micellar nanoparticles is one of the latest field applied in cosmetic products that becoming trending and widely commercialized in local and international markets. The ability of nanoemulsion system to form small micellar nanoparticles size with high surface area allowing to effectiveness of bioactive component transport onto the skin. Oil in water nanoemulsion is playing a major role as effective formulation in cosmetics such as make-up remover, facial cleanser, anti-aging lotion, sun-screens, and other water-based cosmetic formulations. The objective of this review is to critically discuss the properties, advantageous, and mechanism of micellar nanoparticles formation in nanoemulsion system. Therefore, present article introduce and discuss the specific benefits of nanoemulsion system in forming micellar nanoparticles for cosmetic formulation which become major factors for further development of micellar-based cosmetic segments