Establishing a valid instrument to measure entrepreneurial knowledge and skill

The purpose of this study is to establish a valid measure for entrepreneurial knowledge and skill from the perspectives of low-income households in Malaysia by means of reviewing the depths and progress of relevant entrepreneurial literature. In such effort, the subsequent research examines entrepreneurial skills, market orientation, sales orientation, and networking as components that will act as a set of instruments to measure “entrepreneurial knowledge and skill.” Quantitative dates were collected from a total of 800 randomly selected household heads across four districts in Kelantan, Malaysia through structured interviews. On the basis of the reliability and validity testing, this study finalized the instruments to 26 items yielding four factors, namely, entrepreneurial skills (six items), market orientation (eight items), sales orientation (nine items), and networking (three items). Findings of the reflective hierarchical model revealed that networking is the highest contributor toward entrepreneurial knowledge and skill among the low-income households in Kelantan, followed by market orientation, entrepreneurial skills, and sales orientation. It is recommended that future researchers apply and thereby extend the developed measure by cross-examining the instruments presented in this study across different income-level groups underdeveloped and developed nations

Validating the instrument to measure entrepreneurial traits

The objective of this study is to develop a distilled measure for entrepreneurial traits particularly in the context of low-income households in Malaysia. In this attempt, the following study examined the need for achievement, locus of control, tolerance of ambiguity, visionary, persistence, and resilience as components to develop an instrument to measure entrepreneurial traits among low-income households in Kelantan, Malaysia. The study adopted a cross-sectional design and collected quantitative data through structured interviews from 800 low-income households across four districts in Kelantan, Malaysia. Based on the reliability and validity tests, this study finalized the instrument reducing a 58 items scale to 20 items yielding four factors, i.e., need for achievement (five items), tolerance of ambiguity (five items), visionary (four items), and persistence (six items). Findings of the reflective hierarchical model revealed that persistence is the highest contributor towards entrepreneurial traits among the low income households in Kelantan, followed by tolerance of ambiguity, need for achievement, and visionary. It is recommended that future researchers further extend the developed measure by cross-examining the instrument forwarded by this study across different income-level groups living throughout diverse economies

Entrepreneurial leadership, performance, and sustainability of micro-enterprises in Malaysia

This study probed into the impact of entrepreneurial leadership dimensions (i.e., responsibility, accountability, analytical thinking, and emotional intelligence) on the performance and sustainability of micro-enterprises in Kelantan, Malaysia, through the lens of resource-based view (RBV) theory. Through the implementation of a cross-sectional design, data were randomly gathered from 403 micro-entrepreneurs whose names appeared in the list of low-income households registered under “Majlis Amanah Rakyat” Kelantan and “Majlis Agama Islam Dan Adat Istiadat” Kelantan. The quantitative data were collected during structured interview sessions held between September and December 2017. The findings of the study revealed that the aspects of responsibility, accountability, and emotional intelligence exhibited significantly positive effects on micro-enterprise performance; while accountability, analytical thinking, and micro-enterprise performance displayed a significantly positive influence on sustainability among micro-enterprises owned by low-income households in Kelantan, Malaysia. The outcomes further portrayed a significant mediating effect of micro-enterprise performance on the correlations of responsibility, analytical thinking, and emotional intelligence with micro-enterprise sustainability. The outcomes of this study extend the scope of RBV theory and simultaneously enhance our understanding pertaining to leadership, performance, and sustainability interplay, particularly within the context of micro-enterprises in emerging economies. As such, it is recommended that the government of Malaysia formulate and to adopt policies that promote varied entrepreneurial-leadership-related traits among budding micro-entrepreneurs, which may not only boost sustainability performance among firms, but also encourage low-income household heads to actively engage in more entrepreneurial activities

Measuring Parcel Service Quality in University using Servqual Model

Service quality (SERVQUAL MODEL) is among the most crucial determinant for customer satisfaction in the parcel service industry. It consists of tangibility, reliability, assurance, empathy and responsiveness. This model greatly affects customer satisfaction. The purpose of the research is to examine the effects of the factors of SERVQUAL MODEL towards customer satisfaction in University Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) City Campus students in the case of HEP Parcel Service Quality. A structured questionnaire was developed to be answered by 246 students in UMK City Campus. All factors of SERVQUAL toward the HEP parcel service have the association with the satisfaction of UMK students and it has proven in the results. Research have recommend University Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) to further improve their HEP Parcel Service Quality and pay higher attention towards it to increase student usage and satisfaction

The Determinants of Mobile Marketing Services Acceptance among Gen-Y Consumers

This research aims to examine the acceptance of mobile marketing services by computing the consumers’ intention towards actual use for mobile marketing services. This research’s conceptual framework is developed based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour by examining the attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, intention, and actual use. This research also strives to identify the effects of risk perception on purpose, which still an inadequacy of explanation in mobile marketing usage among Gen Y. A total of 650 questionnaires was distributed to the full-time university students of four Universities in the East Coast Region in Malaysia. The main statistical technique used in this research was SmartPLS and SPSS software. This research indicated that attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, and perceived risk tend to influence intention to use. The behavioural intention was also found to influence the actual use of mobile marketing services among generation Y. Based on the findings, the theoretical and practical implications of the study, limitation, and future studies suggestions were discussed in this research

Determine entrepreneurial characteristics using mobile android gamer freezer

Psychometric Test has been used as an individual trait measurement for a long time for both experienced entrepreneurs as well as young generation who are looking for their potential in entrepreneurship. The assessment and measurement of strength and weaknesses of key entrepreneurial traits provides the entrepreneurial level and personal development planning for entrepreneur or those who want to venture into business. However, the traditional psychometric test lacks of fun element which is less enjoyable activity during answering the test. Furthermore, it requires basic understanding of business jargon that difficult for certain respondents to provide accurate respond. The purpose of this study is to propose a gamification approach which is mobile game application called ‘Freezer’ that can measured entrepreneurial traits of the player. In this sense, ‘Freezer’ creates a simulated scenario for respondents to play as an ice cream business owner and to win as a successful business person, each action done will be measured as entrepreneurial traits criteria. At the end of the game, the result will be presented that can describe the entrepreneurial characteristics of the individuals based on their planning and activities during playing the game