A REVIEW OF FIREFLY ALGORITHM

ABSTRACT Firefly algorithm is one of the swarm intelligence that evolve fast for almost area of optimization and engineering problems. Stand alone firefly algorithm already has managed to solve problems. For problems that have multi dimensional and nonlinear problem, some modification or even hybridization with the other metaheuristic is advisable. This modification and hybridization is to aim for help for the computational constrain and it will become more flexible and more efficient

Correlation of visual recovery time after laser refractive surgery with preoperative keratometry and astigmatism among myopic astigmatism patients

Introduction: Photorefractive keratometry (PRK) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) are among the many types of laser refractive surgery available for the correction of myopic astigmatism. The outcome of the procedure can be affected by several parameters which include patient’s age, optical zone diameter, epithelial hyperplasia, preoperative keratometry as well as astigmatism. Aim: This study aimed to determine the relationship between preoperative keratometry and astigmatism with visual recovery time after laser refractive surgery. Methods: Records of 174 eyes (174 patients) with myopic astigmatism who had been treated with either LASIK (71 eyes) or PRK (103 eyes) at IIUM Eye Specialist Clinic from January 2015 to June 2018, were retrospectively analyzed. Main outcome measure was the time taken for patients to achieve visual acuity (VA) 6/6 (equivalent to 0.00 LogMAR) postoperatively. Value for keratometry parameter was taken from corneal topography while astigmatism magnitude was taken from manifest refraction. Their correlation with visual recovery time was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC). P <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The mean preoperative astigmatism and mean keratometry was 0.9 ±0.76D and 43.65 ±1.23D respectively. A significant but weak positive correlation between preoperative astigmatism and visual recovery time was observed (P-value = 0.013; R = 0.188), while no correlation observed for mean keratometry (P-value = 0.305; R = 0.078). Conclusions: Preoperative astigmatism influenced the visual recovery time post laser refractive surgery in myopic astigmatism patients, but not keratometry

A review of impact climate change on food security

Climate change is long-term alteration of temperature that cause the patterns of weather is less predictable. When the weather cannot be unexpected, it is difficult to maintain the crops. The impact is comprehensive but it is far reaching clearly visible on agricultural sector, on which the food production and economy of the world. Agriculture provides the primary sources of livehood for 36 percent of the world

Microwave Imaging Technique Using UWB Signal For Breast Cancer Detection

Microwave Imaging modalities used for breast cancer detection currently are not sufficient for society’s need. The key features for microwaves technique for tumor detection by the observation at microwaves frequencies, the dielectric contrast of permittivity and conductivity between normal and malignant tissues. This project focuses on the experimental of reflection coefficient in complex frequency domain obtained using vector network analyzer transform into time domain using Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT). Breast phantom is illuminating from various points with short UWB microwave pulse generated by RF Horn antenna with frequency of 1GHz -10GHz and the collected backscattered energy is being analyzed and simulated using Microwave imaging algorithms to identify the presence and localization of the tumors.The experiment represent medium form by a rectangular shape of container filled with oil and small size of 3cm stone as a reflected target that represent as a malignant tissues in the breast sample

ANALISIS PENDIDIKAN DARAH WANITA DALAM KURIKULUM RENDAH DAN MENENGAH DI MALAYSIA

Abstrak: Pendidikan darah wanita merupakan korpus ilmu yang wajib dikuasai oleh setiap muslim lelaki dan perempuan. Ulama silam telah memperakui kesukaran menguasai ilmu tentang darah wanita. Rentetan itu, berlaku pengamalan bervariasi yang menyebabkan berlaku silap faham masyarakat terhadap kaedah penentuan darah wanita. Hal ini menuntut kepada satu analisis tentang pendidikan darah wanita dalam kurikulum pendidikan Islam rendah dan menengah, ia menjadi objektif utama kepada kertas kerja ini dan mengenalpasti ilmu asas darah wanita yang perlu diutamakan sebagai pendidikan awal darah wanita kepada pelajar. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kepustakaan dengan menganalisis kandungan buku teks pendidikan Islam rendah dan menengah, teks kelasik dalam bidang fiqh, tafsir, hadis dan bahasa. Selain itu, kaedah pemerhatian kefahaman peserta kelas belia dan dewasa, bagi kelas pengajian darah wanita berasaskan soalan yang diajukan oleh peserta tentang status darah wanita. Kajian mendapati, silibus berkaitan pendidikan ilmu darah wanita dalam kurikulum pendidikan Islam samaada di peringkat rendah atau menengah di Malaysia hanya terbatas kepada konotasi sahaja iaitu haid, nifas, istihadhah dan wiladah. Tiada perbincangan hukum secara khusus kecuali disebut secara tidak langsung dalam topik perbincangan puasa dan mandi. Pembelajaran secara tidak berfokus memberi implikasi kepada tahap pemahaman dan usia pelajar mempelajari tentang hukum hakam darah wanita yang bervariasi ekoran tiada keselarasan skop dan tempoh pembelajaran

An Analysis Of D Band Schottky DIODE For Millimeter Wave Application

A Schottky Diode for millimeter wave application proposed in this paper. The proposed model includes the n-well thickness as a variable to explain the operational behavior of a planar Schottky Barrier Diode which is firstly introduced in this paper. This paper shows the differentiation the length of the n-well thickness with three lengths which are 1.6 μm, 1.4μm and 1.2μm. Then, the size of the Schottky Diode becomes too small with dimension 2.0μm x 2.0μm. The suitable materials that used in this diode are silicon where it has a more advantages than other materials. The Schottky Diode was designed by using the Silvaco TCAD tools software whereas it’s also produced the IV and CV Characteristics graph. The both of graph was be analyzes after the three comparison the length of the n-well thickness was specified the values

The biology and the importance of Photobacterium species

Photobacterium species are Gram-negative coccobacilli which are distributed in marine habitats worldwide. Some species are unique because of their capability to produce luminescence. Taxonomically, about 23 species and 2 subspecies are validated to date. Genomes from a few Photobacterium spp. have been sequenced and studied. They are considered a special group of bacteria because some species are capable of producing essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, antibacterial compounds, lipases, esterases and asparaginases. They are also used as biosensors in food and environmental monitoring and detectors of drown victim, as well as an important symbiont

Demystifying the controversies and outcome : toric intraocular lens implantation in cataract patients with corneal astigmatism post pterygium surgery

Purpose To evaluate the accuracy of toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in cataract patients with corneal astigmatism post pterygium surgery. Methods In this prospective case series, six patients who had corneal astigmatism post pterygium surgery were implanted with Zeiss toric IOL (AT-TORBI 709). Preoperative corneal regularity and symmetry pattern was measured with placido disc topography (Zeiss Atlas 900) examination. Three-month postoperative corneal astigmatism was measured with Zeiss IOLMaster 700 and compared with the manifest astigmatic refractive outcome in patients implanted with toric IOLs. The postoperative refractive astigmatism prediction error was calculated by vector analysis derived from Barrett toric calculator to predict the required toric IOL cylinder power. Results The spherical equivalent recorded for the postoperative refraction is +0.50 ± 1.00D with logMAR of 0.0 to 0.05. The mean for preoperative corneal astigmatism and postoperative refractive astigmatism are 1.45 ± 0.87D and 0.38 ± 0.19D respectively (P 0.001). The mean absolute error in predicted residual astigmatism is 0.37 ± 0.16D and with-the-rule centroid error of 0.26 ± 0.34D @ 26. The postoperative refractive astigmatism resulted with 33.0% achieved less than -0.25D, 67.0% obtained less than -0.50D and 100.0% of eyes were within -0.25D to -0.75D. Conclusion Toric IOL provides low post operative astigmatism correction and better predictive error in patients with post pterygium excisio

3.5ghz Of Ice Cream Cone With Bow Tie Antenna For Microwave Imaging Application

The objectives of this paper are to design, simulate, fabricate and examine Ice Cream Cone with Bow Tie Antenna for microwave imaging application. This antenna is designed for frequency 3.5GHz and simulated using CST Microwave Studio Simulation. The antenna was fabricated on FR4 substrate with relative permittivity of dielectric constant (Ɛr), 4.6.The result of return loss, bandwidth, gain, directivity and radiation pattern are discussed in this paper. To achieve the best antenna performance, the return loss must below than -10dB and gain at 3dB. Ice Cream Cone with Bow Tie antenna is one of the design for microwave imaging application in the span of breast cancer imaging