Optimization and fractionation of quercitrin-rich extract from Melastoma malabthricum leaves and its bioactivities

Melastoma malabathricum (M. malabathricum) is also known as “senduduk”. It is a small shrub belonging to the family Melastomaceae. According to scientific studies, the leaves of this plant have been proven to possess many beneficial bioactivities and its extract has great therapeutic potential. However, limited research has been carried out, especially on the processing technologies for the bioactive extract of M. malabathricum leaves. Therefore, this study focused on the effect of temperatures on the drying kinetics and quality of M. malabathricum leaves in determining the optimum drying temperature. Degradation of quercitrin above 50oC suggesting that this could be the optimum temperature ranges. Midilli et al model shows to have the best fit to the experimental data of drying among the selected thin layer models with the high correlation coefficient (R2>0.98). Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the ultrasonic assisted extraction and solid phase fractionation processes of M. malabathricum leaves using central composite design. The optimized extraction process conditions were solid to solvent ratio (1 mg: 20.83 ml), ultrasonic amplitude (68.6%) and particle size (440 μm) to obtain 13.4 % yield. The optimized fractionation conditions were loading concentration of crude extract (9.13 mg/ml), ratio of eluent system (70.4 %, methanol) and volume of eluent system (18.24 ml). The result showed that the content of quercitrin was increased from 10.31 mg/g in crude extract to 36.02 mg/g after fractionation using solid phase extraction (SPE). An equilibrium dependent extraction (EDE) model has successfully applied in describing the extraction process. EDE model is more accurate with R2 value more than 0.90 and root mean square error less than 0.001. This explains the mass transfer resistance caused by quercitrin diffusion is negligible. The anti-diabetic activity of samples was successfully determined using dipeptidyl peptidase IV assay in vitro and in silico. The IC50 of extract and fraction were found to be 48.25μg/ml and 30.71μg/ml, respectively. The lower IC50 of fraction revealed the higher anti-diabetic activity of the fraction than crude extract. The binding energy of quercitrin was -6.21 kcal/mol which means the lowest of binding energy has high potential on anti-diabetic activity. The processing technology of quercitrin rich extract from M. malabathricum has been established based on the ultrasonic assisted extraction and followed by SPE clean-up process

Sensory Evaluation of Smoked Sardine Coated With Local Spices

Sardines refer to a group of fish from the Clupeidae family, including the genera Sardinella, Amblygaster, Decapterus, or Cetengraulis. The sensory evaluation of smoked sardines coated with local spices in this study involved the use of liquid smoke immersion. The study aimed to formulate the best-smoked fish coated with local spices, resulting in seven formulations: the control, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, and F6. These formulations were immersed in liquid smoke and coated with varying percentages of three main spices: ginger, garlic, and dried chili. Based on sensory analysis with 50 panelists, it was concluded that F5, with 6% liquid smoke, emerged as the optimal formulation

A comparative study on yield of extract, chemical marker content and antioxidant activity of Zingiber zerumbet and Zingiber officinale

Zingiber officinale (ZO) and Zingiber zerumbet (ZZ) are widely found in Southeast Asia and commonly used in herbal medicine practice for treating various diseases. This study was aimed to evaluate the yield of extract, chemical marker content and antioxidant activity of these Zingeberaceae species. Essential oils and hydrosols were obtained using turbo-extraction-distillation (TED). The highest yield of essential oil was obtained by the ZZ sample, which was 0.35 ± 0.09%, while the ZO showed the lowest yield (0.17 ± 0.02%). In hydrosol extracts the highest yield was obtained by the water extract of ZZ (2.50 ± 0.78%), while the ethanol/water (30:70) extract of ZO showed the lowest yield (0.90 ± 0.15%). The analysis of chemical marker content of ZO and ZZ showed 6-gingerol and zerumbone as the major component, respectively. The DPPH method showed the highest antioxidant activity for ZO essential oil (129.4 ± 14.47%), followed by ZZ essential oil (78.88 ± 9.35%) and hydrosol extracts. Collectively, these findings suggest that both ZO and ZZ can be used as potential sources of natural antioxidant in foods and herbal medicines

Optimization model of total phenolic compounds in zingiber officinale via ultrasound-assisted extraction technique

Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) as a medicinal herb is frequently neglected for other possible applications and usually only be consumed as spices. It shows unpredictable potentialities in both food and pharmaceutical industries. This study aims to provide the comprehensive view on the optimization model of extraction of polyphenols from ginger as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity of ginger extracts. Extraction parameters screening of various parameters assessed the influence of these parameters against the efficiency of recovering polyphenols from ginger. This includes the extraction temperature (60-80 °C), quantity of spice which represent the concentration of ginger (200-600 mg/20 ml solvent) and the solvent concentration (60-80 %) for the extraction of polyphenols from ginger. The optimum parameters were found to be at 80 °C, 468 mg/20 ml solvent and the solvent concentration at 70 % and the extraction time was found to have minimal influence on the extraction process. The total yield of phenolic content under optimum condition were found to be at 22.333 ± 0.2462 mg GAE/g of dry weight of ginger extract

Green manufacturing practices (GMP) framework for local small and medium enterprises (SME) in Johor, Malaysia: a review on enablers and barriers and preliminary findings on critical factors

This study focuses mainly on Green Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for local small medium enterprises (SME) in the state of Johor, Malaysia. This review includes the enablers and barriers in GMP from previous studies in local and international contexts. Critical factors that affect GMP were also highlighted. It also points out relationships between enablers and barriers of GMP and measures the strengths and weaknesses of GMP. This paper also reviewed the implementation practices, issues and norms. The reviewed outcome will be a guide to formulate an effective framework for GMP in SME

Antibacterial activity of zingiber officinale and zingiber zerumbet by using Turbo Extractor Distillator (TED)

Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Zingiber zerumbet (lempoyang) are belong to Zingiberaceae family. These plants have been traditionally used as a treatment for stomach problems, nausea, vomiting, epilepsy, sore throat, muscular pains and several other disorders. Essential oils from both plants were investigated for their efficacy on antibacterial activity against two Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 25923 and Bacillus cereus, ATCC 11778) and two Gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ATCC 27853 and Escherichia coli, ATCC 35218) bacteria species using the disc diffusion assay. A zone of inhibition was compared with the standard antibiotic chloramphenicol (10 µg/disc), whilst a blank disc impregnated with the methanol was used as negative control. At concentration 20µl/disc, Zingiber officinale essential oils produced zone of inhibition ranging from 16mm to 36mm, while Zingiber zerumbet essential oils produced zone inhibition ranging from 11mm to 14mm. From these findings, Zingiber officinale essential oil inhibited the growth of all tested bacteria with large zone of inhibition. The most susceptible bacteria was Bacillus cereus while the lowest was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It can be concluded that, Zingiber officinale and Zingiber zerumbet essential oils might provide potential therapeutic agents against bacterial infection

Effect of Temperatures on Drying Kinetics, Extraction Yield, Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. (Mahkota Dewa) Fruits

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. or ‘Mahkota Dewa’ is a popular plant found in Malaysia as it is a valuable source of phytochemicals and therapeutic properties. Drying is an essential step in the storage of P. macrocarpa fruits at an industrial level to ensure their availability for a prolonged shelf life as well as preserving their bioactive compounds. Hence, this study evaluates the effect of different temperatures on the drying kinetics, extraction yield, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of P. macrocarpa fruits. The oven-drying process was carried out in this study at temperatures of 40 ◦C, 50 ◦C, 60 ◦C, 70 ◦C, and 80 ◦C. Six thin-layer drying models (i.e., Lewis, Page, Henderson and Pabis, two-term exponential, Logarithmic, and Midilli and Kucuk models) were evaluated to study the behaviour of oven-dried P. macrocarpa fruits based on the coefficient of determination (R 2 ), root mean square error (RMSE), and chi-square (χ 2 ). The quality of the oven-dried P. macrocarpa fruits was determined based on their extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) using ultrasound-assisted extraction. The results showed that the time for moisture removal correspondingly increased in the oven-dried P. macrocarpa fruits. Apparently, the Midilli and Kucuk model is the most appropriate model to describe the drying process. The range of effective moisture diffusivity was 1.22 × 10−8 to 4.86 × 10−8 m2/s, and the activation energy was 32.33 kJ/mol. The oven-dried P. macrocarpa fruits resulted in the highest extraction yield (33.99 ± 0.05%), TPC (55.39 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g), TFC (15.47 ± 0.00 mg RE/g), and DPPH inhibition activity (84.49 ± 0.02%) at 60 ◦C based on the significant difference (p < 0.05). A strong correlation was seen between the antioxidant activity, TPC, and TFC in the oven-dried P. macrocarpa fruits. The current study suggests that the oven-drying method improved the TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity of the P. macrocarpa fruits, which can be used to produce functional ingredients in foods and nutraceuticals

Dataset of gallic acid quantification and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of different solvent extractions from Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Benth. & Hook. f.) leaves

The article presents data on the quantification of gallic acid (GA) and the assessment of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Benth. & Hook. f.) leaves using various solvents. GA was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Total phenolic content (TPC) was assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using xanthine oxidase superoxide (XOD-Superoxide) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, while anti-inflammatory activities were examined through lipoxygenase (LOX) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibition assays. Results showed that the waterextracted sample had the highest GA and TPC among the solvents tested, along with the strongest inhibition activities in the XOD-Superoxide and DPPH assays. Both water and ethanol extracts showed significant inhibitory activities in the LOX assay but were inactive in the XOD assay. These findings suggest that the bioactivity of L. pumila leaf extract is associated with GA and TPC. GA and TPC strongly correlated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, except for the XOD assay. The dataset highlights the potential dietary benefits of L. pumila leaves as a natural source of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications

Antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity of Cordyceps militaris extracts against human colorectal cancer cell line

Cordyceps militaris is famous for its medicinal effects and variety of bioactivities including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, or antitumor properties. The research’s objective is to look into the antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of C. militaris extract (CME) against normal human colorectal HT-29 cancer cell line. The effects of CME and fresh Cordyceps militaris (CM) on the antioxidant activities were determined using total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis. The cytotoxic effects of various concentrations of CME on HT-29 cells were evaluated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test. From the results, CME displayed strong activity of DPPH (83.8%, inhibitory concentration = 0.60 mg/ml), TPC (160 ± 0.74 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g), and TFC (6.6 ± 1.13 mg rutin equivalent/100 g) relative to fresh CM. CME was found to be significantly more cytotoxic toward HT-29 cells with p < 0.001 in a dose-dependent manner with a cell growth inhibitory concentration of 50% of t1.53 mg/ml in contrast to cisplatin (3.11 mg/ml). The high antioxidant activities and cytotoxic effects of CME are probably due to the extract’s high phenolic and flavonoid content. According to this report, CME’s growth inhibitory activity on human HT-29 cells is driven by an apoptotic mechanism involved in it

Influence of processing parameters on the yield and 6-gingerol content of zingiber officinale extract

Ginger {Zingiber officinale) belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. It's rhizomes and the obtained extracts contain polyphenol compound (6-gingerol and its derivatives), which have a high antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The aim of this study is to optimize the processing parameters for the extraction of ginger essential oil using hydrodistillation method. Optimization of processing parameters, namely the effect of extraction time, solid to solvent ratio and drying temperature for the extraction of ginger essential oil and 6-gingerol content The essential oil produced through hydrodistillation extraction method were analyzed for 6-gingerol content by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). As a result, the optimum condition were extraction time of 90 minutes, a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:20 and a sample drying temperature of 50 “C. This optimum condition was finalized based on its maximum yield and 6-gingerol content from ginger extraction which were 7.02 % (w/w) and 35.3404 mg/L, respectively. It can be concluded that the hydrodistillation method is an effective method in the essential oil production industry